ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

distinct

mental health professionals with an agreed upon list of disorders falling in _____ categories for which there are clear descriptions and criteria for making a diagnosis.

diagnostic criteria and descriptors

the guidelines for making a diagnosis.

"other specified" or "unspecified"

if the full criteria are not met

mild, moderate, severe, extreme

an indication of severity

(type of remission - partial or full - or recurrent

descriptive features, and course

clinical interview, text descriptions, criteria, and clinical judgment

the final diagnosis is based on the _____, _____, _____, and _____.

subtypes

denote "mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive phenomenological subgroupings within a diagnosis"

specifiers

these are not mutually exclusive or jointly exhaustive and so more than one _____ can be given.

non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders can have either a sleep walking or sleep terror type.

example of subtypes

enuresis

nocturnal only, diurnal only, or both.

binge eating disorder, somatic symptom disorder

example of specifiers

prinicpal diagnosis

used when more than one diagnosis is given for an individual. It is the reason for the admission in an inpatient setting, or the reason for a visit resulting in ambulatory care medical services in outpatient settings.

provisional diagnosis

not enough information is available for a mental health professional to make a definitive diagnosis, but there is a strong presumption that the full criteria will be met with additional information or time, then the provisional specifier can be used.

diagnostic criteria and descriptors, subtypes and specifiers, principal diagnosis, and provisional diagnosis.

what are the elements of diagnosis?

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of conditions that arise in the developmental period and include intellectual disability, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, motor disorders, and ADHD

schizophrenia spectrum

disorders characterized by one or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms

bipolar and related

characterized by mania or hypomania and possibly depressed mood; includes Bipolar I and II, cyclothymic disorder

depressive

characterized by sad, empty, or irritable mood, as well as somatic and cognitive changes that affect functioning; includes major depressive and persistent depressive disorders

anxiety

characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances; Includes phobias, separation anxiety, panic attack, generalized anxiety disorder

obsessive-compulsive

characterized by obsessions and compulsions and includes OCD, hoarding, and body dysmorphic disorders

trauma and stressor related

characterized by exposure to a traumatic or stressful event; PTSD, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders

clinical assessment

It is collecting information and drawing conclusions through the use of observation, psychological tests, neurological tests, and interviews to determine what the person's problem is and what symptoms he/she is presenting with.

This collection of information involves learning about the client's skills, abilities, personality characteristics, cognitive and emotional functioning, social context in terms of environmental stressors that are faced, and cultural factors particular to them such as the language that is spoken or ethnicity

Behavior Therapy, Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic-Experiential Therapies, Psychodynamic Therapies, Couples and Family Therapy, and biological treatments (psychopharmacology)

list all the treatments

clinical diagnosis

the process of using assessment data to determine if the pattern of symptoms the person presents with is consistent with the diagnostic criteria for a specific mental disorder set forth in an established classification system such as the DSM-5 or ICD-10.

specific disorder

if they also follow the same, predictable course, they are characteristic of a ______.

classification systems

mental health professionals with an agreed upon list of disorders falling in distinct categories for which there are clear descriptions and criteria for making a diagnosis.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5th edition

most widely used classification system in the United States

determine if a treatment is even needed

what is the first process in clinical assessment?

determine what treatment will work best

what is the second process in clinical assessment?

know if the treatment employed worked

what is the last process in clinical assessment?

syndrome

symptoms that cluster together on a regular basis are called a ______.

Somatic Symptom

Characterized by _____ to include illness anxiety disorder somatic symptom disorder, and conversion disorder.

Dissociative

Characterized by a disruption or disturbance in memory, identity, emotion, perception, or behavior; dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization/derealization disorder

Feeding and Eating

Characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior to include bingeing and purging

Elimination

Characterized by the inappropriate elimination of urine or feces; usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence

Sleep-Wake

Characterized by sleep-wake complaints about the quality, timing, and amount of sleep; includes insomnia, sleep terrors, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

Sexual Dysfunctions

Characterized by sexual difficulties and include premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder, and erectile disorder

Gender Dysphoria

Characterized by distress associated with the incongruity between one's experienced or expressed gender and the gender assigned at birth

Disruptive, Impulse Control, Conduct

Characterized by problems in self-control of emotions and behavior and involve the violation of the rights of others and cause the individual to be in violation of societal norms; Includes oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality disorder, kleptomania, etc.

Substance-Related and Addictive

Characterized by the continued use of a substance despite significant problems related to its use

Neurocognitive

Characterized by a decline in cognitive functioning over time and the NCD has not been present since birth or early in life

Personality

Characterized by a pattern of stable traits which are inflexible, pervasive, and leads to distress or impairmenterso

Paraphilic

Characterized by recurrent and intense sexual fantasies that can cause harm to the individual or others; includes exhibitionism, voyeurism, and sexual sadism

ICD

the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally, and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions. It is the diagnostic classification standard for all clinical and research purposes.

defines the universe of diseases, disorders, injuries and other related health conditions, listed in a comprehensive, hierarchical fashion

antidepressant

are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, or pain.

anti anxiety medication

help with the symptoms of anxiet

antipsychotic

treat psychosis or, "conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there)."

mood stabilizer

used to treat bipolar disorder and at times depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control.

stimulant

increases one's alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure." Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures.

psychosurgery

to perform brain surgeries.

psychodynamic techniques

Freud used three primary assessment techniques as part of psychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the

personalities of his patients and to expose repressed material, which included free association, transference, and dream analysis.

free association

involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought.

Freud said this was resistance and revealed where issues were.

transference

the process through which patients transfer to the therapist attitudes he/she held during childhood. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist.

dream analysis

to understand a person's inner most wishes.

manifest content

content of dreams include the person's actual retelling of the dreams

latent content

hidden or symbolic meaning,

behavioral modification strategies

These strategies arise from the different learning models postulated by Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura and other learning theoriests.

Behavior modification

is the process of changing behavior. To begin, an applied behavior analyst will identify a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, define it, work with the client to develop goals, conduct a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all of these elements - antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence.

modeling

techniques are used to change behavior by having subjects observe

a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations.

operant conditioning

strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming.

flooding and desensitization

are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias.

cognitive behavioral therapies

focuses on

exploring relationships among a person's thoughts, feelings and behaviors.

cognitive restructuring or rational restructuring

also called _____, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones.

cognitive coping skills training

this strategy teaches social skills, communication, and assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling.

social skills

appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety.

communication

speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations.

assertiveness training

the client protect their rights and obtain what they want from others. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and coming up with a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities.

acceptance techniques

used to reduce a client's worry and anxiety. Life involves a degree of uncertainty and at times we need to just accept this. Techniques might include weighing the pros of fighting uncertainty against the cons of doing so. The cons should outweigh the pros and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown.

Humanistic perspective

Carl Rogers) states that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy.

existential therapy

used to treat substance abuse, "excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe".

Culture sensitive therapies

developed and include increasing the therapist's awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client the identification of suppressed anger and pain and raising the client's self worth.

model

defined as a representation or imitation of an object.

uni-dimensional model

single factor explanation

multi-dimensional model

integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time

biological

includes genetics, chemical imbalances in the brain, the functioning of the nervous system, etc.

psychological

includes learning, personality, stress, cognition, self-efficacy, and early life experiences. We will examine several perspectives that make up the psychological model to include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic-existential.

sociocultural

- includes factors such as one's gender, religious orientation, race, ethnicity, and culture, for example.

The Biological Model

This looks for biological abnormalities that might cause abnormal behavior. The roots of this approach can be traced to the discovery to the cause of general paresis.

General Paresis (General Paralysis)

A syndrome characterized by a steady deterioration of both mental and physical disabilities, including symptoms such as delusions of grandeur and progressive paralysis. This severe physical and mental disorder is caused by syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease.

Syphilis

A sexually transmitted disease.

Cognitive Disorder

The biological paradigm has successfully uncovered specific causes for some psychological disorders, particularly _____.

"Lifestyle Disease"

Like heart disease and cancer, most mental disorders appear to be "_____" that result from the combination of biological, psychological, and social factors

Brain structure and chemistry, genes, hormonal imbalances, and viral infections.

In biological paradigm, what are the five causes of mental disorder.

The amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus

What are areas of the brain that play a significant role in depression?

Parkinson's Disease

A brain disorder which results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine.

Psychological Perspective

Also called approaches or schools of thought, are interpretations of psychology that help professionals in the field understand an individual.

Psychodynamic Theory

Originating in the work of Sigmund Freud, the psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we're not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.

The structure of personality, The development of personality, and Ego-defense mechanisms

Three subtopics of Psychodynamic Theory

The structure of personality

According to Freud, our personality has three parts - the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders.

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

three parts of personality

Eros and the Thanatos

sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension which is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them.

The development of personality

A person may become fixated at any stage of development, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology.

Fixation

during the oral stage is linked to a lack of confidence, argumentativeness, and sarcasm.

during phallic stage it may result in low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and shyness.

Ego-defense mechanisms

Are in place to protect us from pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously, also distorting reality.

Anton Mesmer

He employed mesmerism or hypnotism to people with hysteria - physical incapacity such as blindness, or paralysis.

Josef Breuer

He employed the cathartic method to his patient Anna O. Reliving an earlier emotional trauma and releasing emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts about the event, called catharsis.

Sigmund Freud

He believed that psychological conflicts could be "converted" into physical symptoms

Alfred Adler

He employed individual psychology regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because he believed that fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good.

Observation or modeling

Children of parents with phobias or substance abuse problems may acquire similar behavior patterns, in part through _____.