Paleo 419 Lab 9

Family Ornithomimidae (Ornithomimosauria) traits

• long centra

• long pre- and postzygapophyses

• lack of teeth, no fifth toe

• arctometatarsalian pes (the upper end of the third metatarsal is pinched by the neighbouring 2nd and 4th metatarsals, which contact each other anteriorly)

• simple filamentous (and possible pennaceous) feathers on the body and arms

?

Gallimimus (Family Ornithomimidae, Ornithomimosauria)

?

Gallimimus (Family Ornithomimidae, Ornithomimosauria)

?

Gallimimus (Family Ornithomimidae, Ornithomimosauria)

?

Family Ornithomimidae, Ornithomimosauria caudal vertebrae

Clade Maniraptora groups

Therizinosauria, Oviraptorosauria, Dromaeosauridae, Troodontidae, and Avialae

• Alvarezsaurids

Clade Maniraptora Synapomorphies

• longer arms with a convex semi-lunate carpal in the manus

• mobile wrist joint

• bird-like opisthopubic pelvis (pubis points posteriorly)

Clade Therizinosauria (Clade Maniraptora) traits

• herbivorous

• enormous manual unguals

• Feathers

• toothless premaxilla with a ventrally projecting rim

• downturned anterior end of dentary

• pes has four functional toes

?

Alvarezsauridae (Clade Maniraptora)

?

Clade Maniraptora

?

Clade Maniraptora

?

Therizinosaurus (Clade Therizinosauria, Clade Maniraptora)

Clade Oviraptorosauria traits

• short, box-like skulls with beaks (in derived taxa; some basal examples had teeth)

• crenulated ventral margin of premaxilla

• U-shaped mandibular symphysis

• edentulous dental

• Laid eggs with nests

• simple filamentous feathers on the body and complex pennaceous feathers on the arms and end of the tail

• carpometacarpus - fused metacarpals I and III

First feathered dinosaur

Caudipteryx (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

?

Gigantoraptor (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

?

Caudipteryx (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

?

Oviraptor (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

?

Clade Oviraptorosauria

?

Conchoraptor (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

?

Conchoraptor (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

?

Avimimus (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

?

Avimimus (Clade Oviraptorosauria)

Clade Deinonychosauria (Theropoda) traits

• Carnivorous

• held their second pedal digit up off the ground to protect their sickle claw

• ginglymoid (pulley-like) distal articulation of metatarsals II and III

• trenchant claw on digit II of the pes

• Large brains and eyes

Troodontidae trait (Clade Deinonychosauria, Theropoda)

numerous densely packed teeth on the dentary

Dromaeosauridae traits (Clade Deinonychosauria, Theropoda)

• T-shaped frontals

• posterolateral overhanging shelf on the squamosal

What distinguishes Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae teeth

By the constriction at the base of the tooth crown and proportionately large denticles

?

Saurornitholestes (Dromaeosauridae, Clade Deinonychosauria)

?

Saurornitholestes (Dromaeosauridae, Clade Deinonychosauria)

?

Saurornitholestes (Dromaeosauridae, Clade Deinonychosauria)

What type of wrist is this?

Ginglymoid - (pulley-like) distal articulation of metatarsals II and III

?

Saurornithoides (Troodontidae, Clade Deinonychosauria)

?

Troodon (Troodontidae, Clade Deinonychosauria)

?

Troodon (Troodontidae, Clade Deinonychosauria)

?

Velociraptor (Similar to Clade Deinonychosauria)

?

Velociraptor (Similar to Clade Deinonychosauria)

?

Velociraptor (Similar to Clade Deinonychosauria)

Clade Avialae definition

refers to the flying dinosaur clade, which includes Ichthyornis, Hesperornis, Enantiornithes, and Archaeopteryx

Clade Avialae synapomorphies

• unserrated teeth reduced in size and number

• scapula with pronounced acromion process

• coracoids with pronounced sternal process

• forelimbs as long as, or longer than, hindlimbs

• forearm as long as, or longer than, humerus

Archaeopteryx lithographica (Clade Avialae) avian traits

• asymmetrical feathers

• furcula (although many other theropods (including tyrannosaurs) have been found with a furcula)

• long forelimbs

• partial fusion of distal tarsals to the metatarsals

• fusion of metatarsals at their proximal ends

• Unkeeled sternum

Archaeopteryx lithographica (Clade Avialae) primitive traits

• teeth

• long bony tail

• forelimb with at least three clawed digits

?

Archaeopteryx lithographica (Clade Avialae)

?

Confuciusornis (Clade Avialae)

Class Aves (Clade Maniraptora) synapomorphies

• fewer than 11 dorsal vertebrae

• pubis, ilium and ischium subparallel

• teeth lost, replaced with a rhamphotheca (beak)

• fused mandibular symphysis

• fused uncinate processes on ribs

• tail reduced and vertebral elements fused in to a pygostyle

• manual digits fused to form the carpometacarpus

• fused vertebrae in the pelvic region to form the synsacrum

Infraclass Palaeognathae (Class Aves) traits

• male incubates the eggs

• hair-like, shaggy feathers

• broad vomer that unites anteriorly with maxillopalatine, posteriorly with the palatines and pterygoids

Infraclass Neognathae trait that differentiates them from Infraclass Palaeognathae (Class Aves)

have a reduced or absent vomer

Extinct Infraclass Neognathae species (Class Aves, Clade Maniraptora)

• Phorusrhacos - belong to the Cariamiformes (closely related but basal to falcons (Falconiformes), parrots (Psittaciformes), and passerine birds (Passeriformes)

• Presbyornis - Paleocene anseriform (ducks) with long legs and necks and superficially resembled a flamingo

?

Gastornis (Infraclass Neognathae, Class Aves)

?

Presbyornis (Infraclass Neognathae, Class Aves)

?

Infraclass Neognathae (Class Aves)

?

Infraclass Neognathae (Class Aves)

?

Infraclass Neognathae (Class Aves)

?

Infraclass Neognathae (Class Aves)

?

Infraclass Neognathae (Class Aves)

?

Cassowary (Infraclass Palaeognathae, Class Aves)

?

Phorusrhacos (Phorusrhacidae, Infraclass Neognathae, Class Aves)

?

Ichthyornis (Class Aves, Clade Avialae)

?

Class Aves (Clade Avialae)