humanism final

Leonardo da Vinci – The Last Supper

• Origin: Milan, Italy   • Style: High Renaissance fresco mural

• uses one-point perspective

Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa

Origin: Florence, Italy   • Style: High Renaissance portrait, sfumato shading

• show mastery of human expression.

Michelangelo – Pietà

• Origin: Vatican City   • Style: Marble sculpture, Renaissance idealism

Michelangelo – David

• Origin: Florence   • Style: Marble sculpture

• Renaissance human ideal.

Raphael – School of Athens

• Origin: Vatican Palace   • Style: Fresco, Classical symmetry

• Meaning: Celebration of philosophy

Jan van Eyck – Arnolfini Wedding Portrait

Origin: Flanders   • Style: Northern Renaissance oil realism

• Meaning: Domestic marriage scene

Albrecht Dürer – Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Origin: Germany   • Style: Woodcut print, Northern Renaissance detail

• Meaning: Graphic vision of Revelation

Caravaggio – The Calling of St. Matthew

Origin: Italy   • Style: Baroque realism with chiaroscuro

• Meaning: Christ’s divine light enters a tavern

Gian Lorenzo Bernini – Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Origin: Rome   • Style: Baroque marble sculpture

• Meaning: Spiritual vision expressed through intense physical emotion

Renaissance

Definition: Cultural rebirth of art, learning, and science based on Greek/Roman ideas.

• Origin: Florence, Italy.

• Meaning/Importance: Humanism, realism, perspective, science revival.

Martin Luther

• Definition: German monk who started the Protestant Reformation.

• Origin: Germany.

• Importance: Wrote 95 Theses criticizing the Church.

Calvinism

Definition: Protestant religion created by John Calvin.

• Origin: Switzerland.

• Belief: Predestination, strict discipline.

Anglican Church

Definition: Church of England created by King Henry VIII.

• Origin: England.

• Meaning: Broke from Catholic Church.

Printing Press

Inventor: Johannes Gutenberg.

• Origin: Germany (1440).

• Importance: Spread ideas fast, helped literacy and Reformation.

Erasmus

Dutch humanist writer.

• Origin: Netherlands.

• Importance: Criticized Church corruption.

Shakespeare — Sonnet 18

Definition: Poem comparing lover to a summer day.

• Origin: England.

• Meaning: Beauty lives forever through poetry.

Lorenzo de’ Medici

Patron of Renaissance art.

• Origin: Florence, Italy.

• Importance: Funded Michelangelo, Botticelli, Leonardo.

Pico — Oration on the Dignity of Man

Definition: Humanist text about human potential.

• Origin: Italy.

• Importance: “Manifesto of the Renaissance.”

Machiavelli — The Prince

Definition: Book about political power.

• Origin: Florence.

• Meaning: Rulers should use realism; better feared than loved.

Ghiberti — Gates of Paradise

Artist: Lorenzo Ghiberti

• Origin: Florence

• Style: Early Renaissance bronze relief

• Meaning: Old Testament stories in 3D perspective.

Filippo Brunelleschi — Il Duomo

Architect: Brunelleschi

• Origin: Florence

• Style: Renaissance architecture

• Meaning: Engineering achievement; largest dome since Rome.

Josquin des Prez

Renaissance composer.

• Origin: France/Belgium.

• Style: Polyphony.

Palestrina

Renaissance composer.

• Origin: Rome, Italy.

• Style: Sacred polyphony.

Botticelli — Birth of Venus

Artist: Sandro Botticelli

• Origin: Florence

• Style: Early Renaissance

• Meaning: Beauty, love, rebirth, mythological ideal.

Michelangelo — Sistine Chapel Ceiling

• Artist: Michelangelo

• Origin: Vatican

• Style: High Renaissance fresco

• Meaning: Creation, humanity, God’s power.

Michelangelo — Last Judgment

• Origin: Vatican

• Style: Mannerism/High Renaissance

• Meaning: Final judgment of souls.

Baldassare Castiglione — The Courtier

Definition: Book describing ideal Renaissance gentleman.

• Origin: Italy.

Leonardo da Vinci — Virgin of the Rocks

Origin: Italy

• Style: High Renaissance

• Meaning: Holy scene; mystical symbolism.

Titian — Venus of Urbino

Origin: Venice

• Style: Venetian Renaissance

• Meaning: Sensuality, marriage symbolism, domestic life.

Galileo Galilei

• Definition: Scientist who proved heliocentric theory with telescopes.

• Origin: Italy.

• Importance: Father of modern science; conflict with Church.

Johannes Kepler

• Definition: Astronomer who discovered planetary motion laws.

• Origin: Germany.

• Importance: Planets move in ellipses.

Francis Bacon

Definition: Philosopher who created scientific method.

• Origin: England.

• Importance: Observation + experimentation.

René Descartes

• Definition: Philosopher and mathematician.

• Origin: France.

• Meaning: “I think, therefore I am”; rationalism.

Isaac Newton

• Definition: Scientist who created laws of motion & universal gravitation.

• Origin: England.

• Importance: Explained physics mathematically.

William Harvey

Definition: Physician who discovered blood circulation.

• Origin: England.

• Importance: Heart pumps blood through the body.

Bernini — David

Origin: Rome, Italy

• Style: Baroque sculpture

• Meaning: Dramatic motion, intense emotion, realism.

Judith Slaying Holofernes

• Artist: Artemisia Gentileschi

• Origin: Italy

• Style: Baroque

• Meaning: Female empowerment, dramatic violence.

The Night Watch

Artist: Rembrandt

• Origin: Netherlands

• Style: Baroque

• Meaning: Civic militia in action.

Woman Holding a Balance

Artist: Vermeer

• Origin: Netherlands

• Style: Baroque

• Meaning: Balance of spiritual and material life.

Christopher Wren

Definition: Architect who rebuilt London after the Great Fire.

• Origin: England.

• Famous Work: St. Paul’s Cathedral.

Thomas Hobbes

Definition: Enlightenment philosopher; believed humans are selfish.

• Origin: England.

• Importance: Absolute monarchy needed for order.

John Locke

Definition: Enlightenment philosopher; natural rights.

• Origin: England.

• Meaning: Life, liberty, property.

Voltaire

Definition: Enlightenment writer.

• Origin: France.

• Importance: Freedom of speech, anti-tyranny.

Montesquieu

Definition: Enlightenment thinker.

• Origin: France.

• Meaning: Separation of powers.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Definition: Enlightenment philosopher.

• Origin: Switzerland/France.

• Meaning: Social contract, general will.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Definition: Early feminist writer.

• Origin: England.

• Meaning: Women need education and equality.

Adam Smith

Definition: Economist.

• Origin: Scotland.

• Meaning: Free market, capitalism.

Franz Joseph Haydn

Definition: Classical composer.

• Origin: Austria.

• Importance: “Father of the Symphony.”

Mozart

Definition: Classical music genius.

• Origin: Austria.

• Style: Elegant, balanced compositions.

Beethoven

Definition: Composer who bridged Classical → Romantic.

• Origin: Germany.

• Meaning: Emotion, struggle, innovation.

Goya — The Third of May 1808

Artist: Francisco Goya

• Origin: Spain

• Style: Romanticism

• Meaning: Horror of war, brutality of execution.

Eugène Delacroix — Liberty Leading the People

Artist: Delacroix

• Origin: France

• Style: Romanticism

• Meaning: Symbol of revolution and freedom.

The Slave Ship

Artist: Turner

• Origin: England

• Style: Romanticism

• Meaning: Anti-slavery message; nature’s power.

Mary Shelley — Frankenstein

Definition: Gothic/Romantic novel.

• Origin: England.

• Meaning: Dangers of uncontrolled science.

Charles Dickens

Definition: Realist writer.

• Origin: England.

• Meaning: Exposed social injustice.

Gustave Courbet — The Stone Breakers

• Origin: France

• Style: Realism

• Meaning: Hard labor, working class life.

Jean-François Millet — The Gleaners

• Origin: France

• Style: Realism

• Meaning: Rural poverty, dignity of workers.

Edouard Manet — Luncheon on the Grass

Origin: France

• Style: Early Modernism

• Meaning: Challenge to traditional

Claude Monet — Impression: Sunrise

• Origin: France

• Style: Impressionism

• Meaning: Light, moment, atmosphere.

Edgar Degas — The Ballet Class

• Origin: France

• Style: Impressionism

• Meaning: Everyday movement, realism in motion.

Vincent van Gogh — Starry Night

• Origin: Netherlands/France

• Style: Post-Impressionism

• Meaning: Emotion, turbulence, expression.

Georges Seurat — A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

• Origin: France

• Style: Pointillism

• Meaning: Modern life, scientific color.

Paul Gauguin — Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

Origin: Tahiti/France

• Style: Post-Impressionism

• Meaning: Life’s stages; philosophical reflection.

Henri Matisse — The Red Room

Origin: France

• Style: Fauvism

• Meaning: Bold color, emotion.

Pablo Picasso — Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

• Origin: Spain/France

• Style: Cubism

• Meaning: Break from tradition; fractured form.

Picasso — Guernica

Origin: Spain

• Style: Cubism

• Meaning: Anti-war message.

Marcel Duchamp — Fountain

Origin: France/USA

• Style: Dada

• Meaning: Redefined art; shocked tradition.

Frank Lloyd Wright — Fallingwater

Origin: USA

• Style: Organic architecture

• Meaning: House blending with nature.

Georgia O’Keeffe — Black Iris

Origin: USA

• Style: Modernism

• Meaning: Nature forms, abstraction.

Jackson Pollock — Number 1A

Origin: USA

• Style: Abstract Expressionism

• Meaning: Emotion through motion/drip technique.

Andy Warhol — Marilyn Diptych

Origin: USA

• Style: Pop Art

• Meaning: Fame, consumerism, mass culture.

The milk maid-Vermeer

Origin Netherlands

The scream -Munch

Norway

The kiss -Klimt

Austria

Adam smith

Wrote wealth of nations

Girl with a pearl earring - Veermer

Netherlands

Locke

Believed human are born with a blank slate believed in life liberty and property