Gothic Architecture test2

Rayonnant

A style of late Gothic architecture in thirteenth-century France, characterized by massive areas of stained glass and sculptural elaboration.

English Gothic Cathedrals

Generally retained the broad, low proportions of the Romanesque rather than focusing on the French verticality. They also tended to retain the central crossing tower that has been significant in Romanesque cathedrals. Less emphasis is placed on elaborating the three-portal facade; instead, sculpture is spread across the Westfront. Transepts are pronounced (sometimes double) and are clearly visible. Finally, English Gothic cathedrals tend to be longer than their French counterparts.

Transitional Style

Incorporating Romanesque and Gothic elements, spans roughly 1145 to 1190.

Cause papers

The records of cases heard at York are termed “cause papers.” Legal documents to initiate or support a lawsuit.

Domesday Book

(ca 1086-1087)

Confirms that the Archbishop of York was an important landowner in northern England.

Shire

(an area of authority, a county). The main unit of English local administration. The word is both used for the county and for the county- or shire- court.

Messuage

(dwelling). The unit of a land-tenure within a borough, comprising a house of houses with appurtenant property.

Borough

 An urban opposed to a rural settlement, usually fortified.

Palimpsest

A writing surface that has been used multiple times, where original text was scraped or washed off to make room for new writing, yet traces of the original remain. The City of York is palimpsest, with Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian and medieval occupation-levels.

Glaziers

Assemble glass windows with leading and set them in architectural contexts.

Lux Vera

‘The True Light’ described as Christ in St John’s Gospel

Scriptoria

A dedicated writing room in medieval European monasteries used by monks and scribes to copy, illuminate, and bind manuscripts by hand. Glass painters had access to these due to the designs of their glass from manuscript illustrations.

Cames

Glaziers produced coloured glass by adding metal oxides, known as pot metal, to the glass mix in its molten state. Oxides produced various shades of red, purple, green and yellow. These were fitted together using lead strips known as cames.

Grisaille glass

Was a cheaper, simpler form of decorative glass. Clear glass was painted with black foliage or geometrical designs before firing. Grisaille was probably the most common form of glass in parish churches before the fifteenth century but little of it survives.

Silver Nitrate

Was used to paint the glass, which was then fired in an oven to produce various shades of yellow.

Frescoes

Durable mural paintings created by applying water-based pigments onto wet lime plaster.

Courtly aesthetic

Scenes often depict aristocratic life with slender, elegant figures.

Elongated forms

Humans are often curved elongated with delicate features.

Rich colours and use of gold

Extensive use of rich colour and gold leaf, giving a luxurious, tapestry-like effect.

Detailed Naturalism

Meticulous, realistic, and anecdotal details, including animals, plants and clothing, are set against stylized and/or minimalist backgrounds.

International Gothic

Style began in Burgundy, France, and northern Italy in the latter fourteenth and early fifteenth century, then it spread widely across Western Europe, largely transmitted through the portable art of manuscript painting and the contemporary popularization of private devotional texts by elites.

Pastiche

A blending of multiple influences into a new creation. (Romanesque, Late Gothic and Early Renaissance styles.

Crucifix by Giotto (1267-1337)

The Crucifix was intended for placement above the high altar or on a “tremezzo.” It is tempera on wood with gold leaf.

Tremezzo

Rood screen–it separates the nave from the chancel or choir.

Tempera

Pigments in egg yolk binders.

King Louis IX

(1214-1270)

Commissioned Sainte-Chapelle. Became king at age twelve. He acknowledged that Capetian France has become the strongest and wealthiest kingdom in thirteenth-century Europe.

Archbishop Thomas Becket

Murdered in 1170 because of the archbishop's stance that the Church should be independent of the crown. Saint Thomas of Canterbury. (b. 1118)

William of Sens

Rebuilt Canterbury’s choir from 1175 to 1178. “William the Englishman” continued the project until its completion in 1184.

Gervase of Canterbury

(ca 1141-1210)

Monk who wrote about the Gothic remodeling of Canterbury Cathedral.

1. 1174-1175. Fire and Stabilization

2. 1175-1178. Reconstruction under William of Sens.

3. 1178-1180. Completion of the Choir under William the Englishman. (English aesthetic emerges, blending Romanesque and Gothic.)

4. 1180-1184. Expansion for Pilgrimage. Trinity Chapel. 

5. Ca 1184. The Corona (“Becket’s Crown”)

Reginald Fitz Jocelin

(d. 1191)

Bishop of Bath and Archbishop of Canterbury-elect. Was a household clerk of Thomas Becket and was employed in King Henry II’s household by 1167. Initiated the building program for Wells Cathedral (The first English church built entirely of Gothic style (Scissor arches))

William Fitzherbert

(1090s-1154)

Was Archbishop of York from 1141-1147 and from 1153-1154. He was deposed by the Cistercian Pope Eugene III in 1147. Citizens of York refused to allow William’s replacement, the Cistercian Abbot of Fountains Abbey, Henry Murdac, to enter the city in 1148. Henry and Pope Eugene die in 1153, and William returns. A crowd of supporters gather and their combined weight collapses the Ouse Bridge. William calls on God to save the drowning, miraculously no one is injured. William dies 1154, many assume he was poisoned. He was canonized 1124.

Henry Murdac

(R. 1151-1153)

Cistercian Abbot of Fountains Abbey. York citizens refused to let him enter the city to replace William Fitzherbet. He was installed as Archbishop of York in 1151, in 1153, Both Henry and Pope Eugene died.

Venerable Bede

(d. 735)

Records that in 675, Benedict Biscop (ca 628-690), Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, travelled to Francia to find glaziers to create and set glass windows in his new Church of St Peter at Monkwearmouth. Bede states that glazing was unknown to the English.

Simone Martini

(1284-1344)

“Annunciation,” central panel of an altarpiece painted for Siena Cathedral. He was Sienese, and he was a significant contributor to the artistic style that is termed “International Gothic.” Italian painter

Bernardo di Quintavalle

(1180-1241)

Established a community of Franciscans in Bologna in 1218.

Epistemology

The branch of philosophy focused on the nature, origin, scope and limits of human knowledge.