Neuroscience

central nervous system

nervous system responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory input and motor output

peripheral nervous system

nervous system that provides sensory information to the central nervous system and carries motor commands away from central nervous system

afferent

input nerves

efferent

output nerves

afferent

nerves that bring sensory information to the central nervous system

efferent

nerves that carry motor commands to muscles and glands

brain, spinal cord

what 2 things make up the central nervous system

sensory

what kind of nerves conduct action potentials to the central nervous system

moto

what kind of nerves conduct action potentials to effectors

sensor, processor, effector

3 steps in functional design of nervous system

special, visceral, somatic

3 kinds of sensory receptors that go to the afferent division of the nervous system

somatic, autonomic

the efferent division of the nervous system includes what 2 parts

parasympathetic, sympathetic

the autonomous nervous system of the efferent division of the nervous system contains what 2 parts

somatic sensory

nervous system part that detects stimuli that are consciously perceived

somatic motor

nervous system part that send voluntary signals to skeletal muscle

visceral sensory

nervous system part that detects stimuli not typically perceived

visceral motor

nervous system part that sends involuntary commands to heart, smooth muscle, glands, etc.

visceral motor

what part of the nervous system contains sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents (somatic vs visceral and sensory vs motor

white

what brain matter does information transfer

tract

white matter large axon bundle

fascicle

white matter small axon bundle

peduncle

white matter large column of axons

commissure

white matter axon bundle that crosses midline

grey

what brain matter does information processing

nucleus

grey matter group of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system

lamina

grey matter layer of cells within the spinal cord

neuropil

grey matter mix of axons, dendrites, and synapses

telencephalon, diencephalon

what parts of the brain make up the forebrain

mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

what parts of the brain make up the hindbrain

myelencephalon

what part of the brain is the medulla oblongata

myelencephalon

what part of the brain has vital control centers for respiratory and cardiovascular systems, pulmonary and cardiovascular reflexes

myelencephalon

what part of the brain includes pyramids, trapezoid body, fourth ventricle, caudal cerebellar peduncle

metencephalon

what part of the brain is the pons and cerebellum

decussation

term for a crossed tract of nerve fibers passing between centers on opposite sides of the nervous system

metencephalon

what part of the brain includes cerebellum, pontine decussation, trigeminal nerve

pons

what part of the brain does communication to cerebellum, sensory and motor function of the face

pons

what part of the brain includes pontine decussation, middle cerebellar peduncle, rostral cerebellar peduncle

cerebellum

what part of the brain does motor learning, coordination, balance

cerebellum

what part of the brain includes cerebellar cortex and vermis (lateral hemispheres with medial structure between), arbor vitae

cortex

cerebellum part that is two lateral hemispheres

vermis

cerebellum part that is medial structure between cortex

abiotrophy

term for cortical degradation

cerebellum

after normal growth, what brain tissue progressively degenerates with cell death of purkinje cells

purkinje

with cerebellar abiotrophy, cerebellar tissue progressively degenerates with the death of what cells after normal growth

ataxia

term for abnormal and uncoordinated movements

dysmetria

term for undershooting or overshooting a movement

hypermetria

term for exaggerated movements

proprioception dysfunction

term for difficulties knowing where the limbs are

cerebellar abiotrophy

disease where after normal growth, cerebellar tissue progressively degenerates with cell death (purkinje cells)

mesencephalon

what part of the brain is the midbrain

mesencephalon

what part of the brain does non-conscious control of vision, hearing, motor responses, sleep, arousal, temperature regulation

mesencephalon

what part of the brain includes rostral and caudal colliculus, oculomotor nerve, mesencephalic aqueduct, cerebral peduncle

diencephalon

what part of the brain includes medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, pinal body, thalamus, mammillary body, optic tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm, hypothalamus, 3rd ventricle, internal capsule

diencephalon

what part of the brain contains thalamus and hypothalamus

diencephalon

what part of the brain does endocrine regulation, relay sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulates circadian rhythms

telencephalon

what part of the brain contains cerebral cortex and hippocampus

telencephalon

what part of the brain does consciousness, perception, decision making

telencephalon

what part of the brain includes hippocampus, olfactory bulb, olfactory tracs, cerebral cortex, amygdala, gyri, sulci, corpus callosum, corona radiata, lateral ventricles

positive

is there a positive or negative association between companion dog age and canine cognitive dysfunction

yes

are dogs a suitable animal model to study human brain aging

insula

what neocortical lobe of the cerebral cortex is not visible from a lateral view of the brain

similar

are gyri and sulci similar or different between species

gyri

cerebral cortex surface ridges

sulci

cerebral cortex surface grooves or depessions

motor

cruciate sulcus and postcruciate gyrus is what functional area of the brain

somesthetic

coronal sulcus is what functional area of the brain

auditory

sylvian gyrus is what functional area of the brain

visual

caudodorsal cerebral cortex is what functional area of the brain

olfactory

piriform lobe is what functional area of the brain

cerebral cortex

what part of the brain is the hippocampus in

hippocampus

what part of the brain is in charge of learning and memory

hippocampus

what comprises the medial wall of the telencephalon

ventricle

what in the brain is filled with cerebral spinal fluid and nourishes, supports, and protects the central nervous system

lateral

what ventricle is for telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

third

what ventricle is for diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

aqueduct of sylvia

what ventricle is for mesencephalon (midbrain)

fourth

what ventricle is for metencephalon (pons, cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla)

central canal

what ventricle is for spinal cord

hydrocephalus

the abnormal accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid within the ventricular system resulting in elevated intracranial pressure

lateral aperture

an opening in the 4th ventricle that allows cerebral spinal fluid to drain into the subarachnoid space to circulate around the brain and spinal cord

fourth

massive dilation of what ventricle indicates impairment of cerebral spinal fluid flow through the lateral apertures

lateral apertures

massive dilation of the fourth ventricle indicates impairment of cerebral spinal fluid flow through what

both

do cranial nerves provide afferent or efferent pathways to the brain or both

no

do cranial nerves travel through the spinal cord

vagus

the cranial nerves function mostly in the head and neck region with the exception of what cranial nerve

paired

are cranial nerves paired or unpaired

oflactory

cranial nerve I

optic

cranial nerve II

oculomotor

cranial nerve III

trochlear

cranial nerve IV

trigeminal

cranial nerve V

abducent

cranial nerve VI

facial

cranial nerve VII

vestibulocochlear

cranial nerve VIII

glossopharyngeal

cranial nerve IX

vagus

cranial nerve X

accessory

cranial nerve XI

hypoglossal

cranial nerve XII

telencephalon

olfactory nerve brain region

diencephalon

optic nerve brain region