Psychology 2e Chapter 11

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Hippocrates personality types

based on fluids of the body; Sanguine = blood, Phlegmatic = phlegm, Melancholic = black bile, Choleric = yellow bile

conscious

to be aware

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

ID

primitive drives and urges, present since birth

superego

conscience/moral compass, learned from interaction with others

ego

the rational, decision-making aspect of the personality

neurosis

tendency to experience negative emotions; outdated term and is no longer used in a medical context

defense mechanisms

unconscious protective barriers intended to minimize anxiety; developed by freud and polished by his daughter anna freud

repressed

difficult memory removed from conscious awareness

reaction formation

expressing feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations

regression

acting much younger than their age

projection

a person refuses to recognizes feelings in themselves and instead puts them on someone else

Freud's defense mechanisms

regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial, sublimation, repression

psychosexual stage of development

stages of child development in which a child's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on specific areas of the body called erogenous zones

oral stage

pleasure focused on the mouth (can lead to smoking, drinking, overeating)

anal stage

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination (coping with demands for control)

phallic stage

recognize difference between boys and girls (oedipus, Electra)

Latency period

sexual impulses lie dormant

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian who emphasized social factors, striving for superiority, and the inferiority complex; also birth order influence

Individual psychology

drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority (Adler)

inferiority complex

a person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others or of society

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

Carl Jung

Neo-Freudian who founded Analytical Psychology; introduced the collective unconscious, archetypes, and emphasized lifelong personality development.

Analytical psychology

balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one's personality (Jung)

collective unconscious

universal version of the personal unconscious holding memory traces that are common to all of us (Jung)

archetypes

ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures, expressed through literature, art and dreams (Jung)

extroversion

attention seeking, get energy from being with others

introvert

prefers to be alone, does not like attention

Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian who emphasized social and cultural influences on personality, childhood anxiety, and coping strategies; challenged Freud’s views on women

moving toward people

coping using affiliation and dependence

moving against people

coping using aggression and manipulation

moving away from people

coping by using detachment and isolation

Skinner

Believed that behavior is learned

Albert Bandura

Psychologist known for social learning theory, observational learning (Bobo doll experiment), reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy

Social-cognitive theory

learning and cognition are important for ones personality (Bandura)

Reciprocal determinism

cognitive processes, behavior and context all interact (Bandura)

self-efficacy

our level of confidence in our own abilities (Bandura)

Julian Rotter

Psychologist who developed Social Learning Theory and introduced locus of control (internal vs. external), emphasizing that behavior is influenced by expectations and reinforcement.

locus of control

beliefs about the power we have over our lives

Internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

External locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Walter Mischel

Psychologist known for the person-situation debate, research on self-control, and the Marshmallow Test, showing behavior depends on context and cognitive-affective factors.

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" (Carl Rogers)

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist who emphasized self-actualization, personal growth, and client-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard.

Ideal self

the person you would like to be (Rogers)

Real self

the person you actually are (Rogers)

congruence

real self and ideal self are the same

incongruence

real self and ideal self are very different

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes.

traits

characteristic ways of behaving

Raymond Cattell

Psychologist who developed the 16 Personality Factor (16PF) model, distinguished fluid vs. crystallized intelligence, and used factor analysis to study personality traits.

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Eysenck's theory

Personality is determined by a large extent to one's genes, 2 dimensions (introvert/extrovert, neuroticism/stability)

Five Factor Model

OCEAN

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

selective migration

concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

projective testing

a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Test

Projective test; measures adjustment in high school, college and adult ages, have to complete the sentence to reveal feelings/thoughts

Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB)

images that include african american lifestyles

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths, using images and storytelling that relate to minority culture (Tell Me a Story)