modern medicine

how did DNA change the ideas of causation of illness ?

• DNA was discovered by crick and watson where they found that DNA holds your genes and characteristics of your body

• they were able to discover it because they tried different ideas and methods that other scientists did not try

• DNA helped doctors and scientists prevent disease caused by bacteria

What was the impact of the discovery of DNA ?

• Led to preventions of genetic diseases being developed

• Led to testing and screening patients to see if they carried any genetic diseases

• Allowed doctors to see if unborn babies had any diseases e.g down syndrome

how did lifestyle factors change the ideas of causation of illness ?

• people who lived in towns had a shorter lifespan than a person who lived in the countryside

• found out that major factors that contribute to disease were stress , poverty , poor diet , obeisity , no excercise , smoking and too much alcohol

• discovered that lifestyle factors could lead to lung cancer , type 2 diabetes , asthma , ulcers

how did diagnosis of illness change 1900 - present ?

• blood tests were used to test for an enormous number of conditions

• MRI scans were used to diagnose soft tissue damage e.g ligament damage

• CT scans were used diagnose tumours

• ultrasound scans were used to diagnose issues inside the body like gall stones and kidney stones

• blood pressure monitors used to help diagnose high and low blood pressure

what was the magic bullet ?

the first chemical drug that killed bacteria inside the body

what was the impact of antibiotics ?

• it cured disease that many people died from

• it could be mass produced so loads of people could get it

• after 1945 they were made free (NHS) and became widely availible

how did acess to care improve ?

• government provided medicine to the working class because of the war

• sick pay was introduced

• health visitors (midwifes) visited each mother’s home to make sure she knew how to protect her baby’s health

• nurses also had to carry out medical checks in school

what was the NHS ?

• the NHS was launched 5th of july 1948

• the government introduced loads of new hospitals and now all hospitals and medical services were under the NHS

• it made all healthcare and medicine public and free to all

what was the impact of the NHS ?

• the working class who couldn’t affored treatment were now able to acess free medical healthcare which improved many lives

how did infectious diseases improve methods of prevention ?

• pharmacuetical companies mass-produced vaccines which made it available to everyone

• measals was a deadly disease that children died from but was eradicated when a vaccine developed in 1964 which made it free and availible to all by the NHS

how did genetic problems improve methods of prevention?

• testing and screening paitents was used to prevent the development of a disease

• screening is used to check if unborn babies have possible conditions such as down syndrome

• doctors can also use screening to see if a person’s genes carry the risk of suffering from breast cancer so they can take action to prevent it developing

how did high medical and surgical treatments improve treatments ?

• radiotherapy was used to shrink tumours growing inside the body to treat cancer

• small machines were used in treatment and during surgery e.g a paitent goes through surgery to get a heart bypass which was a machine that performs the functions of a heart

• prosthetic limbs are used to replace amputated limbs.

who discovered pencillin ?

fleming , howard , florey , ersnt chain

what was the first stage of penicillin being discovered ?

• fleming discovered penicillin by leaving a pile of dishes containing bacteria and noticing that the one that had mould on it and around the mould the bacteria had gone

• fleming experimented on living cells but the pencillin didn’t work on deeper infections so he had no evidence of it being useful

what was the second stage of penicillin being discovered ?

• howard , florey and ersnt chain were researching about how germs could be killed and they discovered fleming’s work

• they found out that penicillin helped mice recover from infections but they needed to mass produce it so they could treat one person

what was the third stage of penicillin being discovered ?

• english factories couldn’t mass produce penicillin because of the war

• so fleming went to america where there government gave loans to companies in the us to make pencillin

• british firms also mass produced penicillin to treat the wounded

what was the final stage of penicillin being discovered ?

• after the war ended , pencicilin began to be manufactured and used by everyone

• it took time but by 1950/60’s pencillin became an ordinary life saver

why was lung cancer a big problem ?

• second most common type of lung cancer

• over 40,000 die from it every year

what’s lung cancer caused by ?

it’s most commonly caused by smoking

what did the government do prevent lung cancer?

• campaigns , posters and flyers have been made to warn people about the dangers of smoking

• new laws have been made to ban smoking in public places to reduce passive smoking

what were 3 methods of treatment for lung cancer ?

• radiotherapy

• chemotherapy

• immunotherapy