SLHS 408 Principles of Respiration

ventilation

mechanical process of bringing oxygen into the lungs

respiration

exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the cellular level to generate energy

circulation

transportation of oxygen all over the body

inspiration

act of taking air into the lungs

expiration

act of expelling air out of the lungs

the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

the upper respiratory tract consists of

the trachea, primary bronchi, and lungs

the lower respiratory tract consists of

hair filters out dust/dirt/debris, conchae heat and moisten the air, sinuses produce mucus

what functions do the the nostrils, nasal cochae, and paranasal sinuses serve for breathing

pharynx; larynx; trachea

air goes from the nostrils to the _____ and then enters the _____ then descends through the _____

upright

the epiglottis remains _____ to allow for passage through the larynx

abducted (open)

air passes through _____ vocal folds

bronchus; bronchi; bronchioles

within the lungs, air travels through the mainstem _____, which subdivide into smaller and smaller _____ until it gets to the passageways called _____

hundreds of millions of alveoli

respiratory bronchioles terminate into

O2; CO2

the air in the alveolar sacs contains _____ which enters the blood stream and swaps with _____

adducted (closed)

if the vocal folds are _____ when exhaling, the air will set them into vibration

vocal tract

vocalizations are shaped into various speech sounds by the _____ _____ as they exit the body

driving force

the process of moving air requires a

the pressure gradient between the alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure

the driving force of respiration is

high; low

air wants to move from an area of _____ pressure to an area of _____

less

more volume = _____ pressure

more

less volume = _____ pressure

less

for the lungs to inflate, alveolar pressure must be _____ than atmospheric pressure

pressure gradient

the _____ _____ causes air to flow into the lungs (inspiration)

greater

for air to flow out of the lungs (expiration) alveolar pressure must be _____ than atmospheric pressure

elastic

the _____ quality of the lungs causes the volume to decrease, therefore increasing the alveolar pressure and causing air to flow out of the lungs

1. active force (contraction of respiratory muscles aka expansion of the lungs)

2. passive force (elastic properties of the respiratory system)

what are the two ways in which alveolar pressure are changed

by actively contracting the respiratory muscles, the lungs expand and decrease alveolar pressure causing inspiration

how does active force change alveolar pressure

by passively recoiling due to the elastic nature of the lungs, the lungs shrink and increase alveolar pressure causing expiration

how does passive force change alveolar pressure

involuntary

vegetative breathing is primarily under _____ neurologic control

1. inspiration is triggered when the CO2 level in the bloodstream reaches a critical level

2. chemoreceptors send sensory impulses to the respiratory control center in the brainstem

3. the control center sends motor impulses via the phrenic nerve (among other spinal nerves)

what is the process of involuntary vegetative breathing

the phrenic nerve

what nerve is primarily responsible for breathing

the volume of the lung is changed

atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure are equal until

it is the end source of the start of inspiration, it responds to neural impulses of involuntary control

how does the phrenic nerve control breathing

down

the phrenic nerve tells the diaphragm to contract, which moves it _____

more space is created in the lungs, allowing the lung volume to increase which then decreases alveolar pressure and causes inspiration

what happens when the diaphragm moves down

external intercostal muscles

what muscles elevate the ribs which increases the width of the thoracic cavity (usually with voluntary control)

active; voluntary

inspiration is ALWAYS _____, but not necessarily _____

levatores costarum and levator costae, sternocleidomastoid and scalene, postural muscles

what other muscles are responsible for controlling posture and the ribcage to help stabilize for the man muscles of breathing

they help the external intercostals in raising the ribs

the lower back becomes lengthened and widened which lends to greater mobility of the ribs

how do the levatores costarum and levator costae contribute to breathing

they contract during forced inhalation and provide support for the rib cage from the upper spine

how do the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles contribute to breathing

they maintain the support and elongation of the spine + erect posture which ensures that the ribs can move freely

how do postural muscles contribute to breathing

less air will be come in due to lack of flexibility in the area to be able to increase lung volume; will be harder to do anything other than easy rest breathing such as talking, exercising, etc.

if the ribs cannot move freely, how does that negatively impact breathing

as the lungs inflate, special stretch receptors located in the lungs send inhibitory impulses to the nuclei of the inspiratory nerves

how is inspiration terminated

passive; decrease; increases

with the termination of inspiration, the _____ elastic recoil forces return the diaphragm to its resting position and the ribs fall which causes a _____ in intrapulmonary volume and the alveolar pressure _____ relative to the atmosphere

the internal intercostals (contract with expiratory flow) and the abdominal muscles (help contract the ribs and press the viscera up against the diaphragm to expel more air)

what muscles are employed to make expiration an active force

active

during vocalization, muscles of inspiration and expiration are _____

counterbalance

we must _____ the passive/active recoil forces to achieve a controlled flow of air on exhalation suitable for phonation

must resist/oppose the descent of the ribs

what must the diaphragm do to counterbalance passive/active recoil forces when phonating

subglottal pressure; must be adequately controlled during expiration

what is the driving force behind initiation of vocal fold vibration

tidal volume

volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort

inspiratory reserve volume

additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration

expiratory reserve volume

additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

vital capacity

total volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

residual volume

volume of air remaining int he lungs after maximum exhalation

total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume

10-15%; 50%

during normal resting breathing, you use about __-__% of vital capacity, this increases to __% or more during strenuous activity

40% inhalation, 60% exhalation

what is the inhalation exhalation ratio for quiet breathing

10% inhalation, 90% exhalation (not a difference in volume, difference in timing & usage)

what is the inhalation exhalation ratio for speech breathing