BIOL 202 Practical 2: Master

Clitellum

Earthworm: reproductive structure

Gizzard

Earthworm: Uses soil to grind up food (below crop)

Crop

Earthworm: where food is stored before the gizzard (above gizzard)

Cerebral Ganglia

Earthworm: brain

Dorsal Blood Vessel

Earthworm: runs down length of worm below the gizzard

Arms

Squid: used to grab and hold prey

Tentacles

Squid: Used to capture prey

Fin

Squid: provide stability and maneuverability

Mantle

Squid: main part where organs are housed, fin and head is attached to it

Ink sac

Squid: just below siphon, holds ink

Pen

Squid: plastic-like support structure

Gills

Squid: for respiration

Siphon

Squid: jet propulsion for locomotion

Cephalothorax

Crayfish: Head and middle of body

Carapace

Crayfish: middle of body where head and abdomen are attached

Antenna

Crayfish: used for sensing objects

Green glands

Crayfish: excretory organs

Swimmerets

Crayfish: Under abdomen near tail

Tube feet

Starfish: used for locomotion

Ring canal

Starfish: central hub on wvs and surrounding mouth

Digestion glands

Starfish: runs down arms, used for digestion

Gonad glands

Starfish: runs next to the digestive glands, used for reproduction

Radial canal

Starfish: branches off ring canal and runs down arm and acts as a pathway for distributing water

Liver

Rat: big and grey, right in the middle

Kidney

Rat: on back + bottom, filters blood and eliminates waste

Mammary gland

Rat: milk producing gland

Heart

Rat: top of intestines near throat, pumps blood i’m assuming

Phylum Chordata

fish/amphibians/reptiles/mammals, 5 shared characteristics, 3 subphyums

Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, endostyle, postanal tail

5 shared Chordate characteristics

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

develops into central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord (Chordata)

Notochord

provides skeletal support to Chordates

Pharyngeal gill slits

strains food particles from water in Chordates

Endostyle

mucus secreting tissue in Chordates

Postanal tail

Mostly for propulsion in Chordates

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Chordata: lancelets where the adults have all 5 chordate features

Subphylum Tunicate

Chordata: lancelets where the larvae only have all 5 chordate features

Subphylum Vertebrata

Chordata: 5 chordata characteristics seen in ancestors, cranium/vertebral column/endoskeleton

Cranium

protective housing for brain (Subphylum Vertebrata)

Vertebral Column

protects nerve cord (Subphylum Vertebrata)

Vertebrate Endoskeleton

can be bone or cartilage and grouped depending on this

Class Myxini

Vertebrata: hagfish, jawless fish w/ slime defense

Class Chondrichthyes

Vertebrata: sharks/rays, boneless jawed fish, cartilaginous endoskeleton and no swim bladder

Class Actinopterygii

Vertebrata: jawed fish with bones, ray-finned fish

Class Sarcopterygii

Vertebrata: jawed fish with bones, lobe-finned fish

Class Amphibia

Vertebrata: frogs/salamanders, tetrapods, require water for moisture, ectothermic, respire through skin

Ectothermic

cannot control internal body temp (Amphibia and most Reptilia)

Class Reptilia

Vertebrata: turtles/lizards/birds, tetrapod amniotes, amniotic egg, desiccation skin, ectothermic (not birds)

Tetrapods

has four legs (Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia)

Tetrapod amniotes

has four legs and an egg that has an inner, outer, and fetal membrane (Reptilia and Mammalia)

Endothermic

Can control internal body temp (birds and Mammalia)

Amniotic eggs

egg with specialized membranes so it can develop the embryo away from water

Class Mammalia

Vertebrata: mammary glands, hair, endothermic

Hair/fur

provides insulation/camouflage/defense for mammals

Mammary glands

Produces milk in mammals

Phylum Echinodermata

Sea stars/sea urchins/sea cucumbers

Aboral Side

side opposite from the mouth (Phylum Echinodermata)

Oral side

on the same side as the mouth (Phylum Echinodermata)

Calcite endoskeleton, WVS, mutable collagenous tissue

3 defining traits of Phylum Echinodermata

Calcite endoskeleton

made of ossicles of calcium carbonate, some have spikes and pedicellariae (Phylum Echinodermata)

Ossicles

fused calcium carbonate plates in the Echinodermata endoskeleton

Pedicellariae

pincer-like structures for defense and grooming within the Echinodermata endoskeleton

Water vascular system (WVS)

network of hydraulic canals with madreporite that can be used for locomotion/respiration/feeding/attachment/etc.

Madreporite

Opening for the WVS (Phylum Echinodermata)

Mutable collagenous tissue

allows Phylum Echinodermata to change rigidity of tissues for defense and for them to push out their stomachs for feeding

Class Crinoidea

Echinodermata: sea lilies/feather stars, no spines/madreporite/pedicellariae, feather-like arms

Class Asteroidea

Echinodermata: sea stars, pentaradial, aboral madreporite

Class Ophiuroidea

Echinodermata: brittle/basket stars, long and flexible arms, oral madreporite

Class Echinoidea

Echinodermata: sea urchins/sand dollars, globe-like bodies, aboral madreporite

Class Holothuroidea

Echinodermata: sea cucumbers, internal madreporite

Ecdysis

have a exoskeleton and molt it

Phylum Nematoda

contain only longitudinal muscles and move by thrashing

Phylum Arthropoda

tagmata, “jointed foot”, 4 subphylums: Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, and Crustacea

Tagmata

body segments (head/throax/abdomen)

Cephalothorax

example of tagmata: head and thorax together

Group Ecdysozoans

Phylum Nematoda and Anthropoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Anthropoda: 1 pair of chelicerae and pedipalps, 4 walking legs and no antennae, Classes Arachnida and Merostomata

Chelicerae

feeding appendages (subphylum Chelicerata)

Pedipalps

modified appendages mainly used for sensing (subphylum Chelicerata)

Class Arachnida

Subphylum Chelicerata: spiders/scorpions, book lungs

Class Merostomata

Subphylum Chelicerata: horseshoe crabs, used in medical field

Subphylum Myriapoda

Phylum Arthropoda: “myriad” = many legs, Classes Diplopoda and Chilopoda (millipedes and centipedes)

Class Diplopoda

Subphylum Myriapoda: millipedes, 2 pairs of legs per segment, detritivores

Detritivores

Feed on decaying matter

Class Chilopoda

Subphylum Myriapoda: centipedes, 1 pair of legs per segment, carnivores

Subphylum Hexapoda

Phylum Arthropoda: “hex” = 3 pairs of legs

Class Insecta

Subphylum Hexapoda: adapted mouthparts for feeding, spiracles, metamorphosis, malpighian tubules

Spiracles

holes in exoskeleton for gas exchange (Class Insecta)

Malpighian tubules

for excretion (Class Insecta)

Complete metamorphosis

goes through life forms that look different

Incomplete metamorphosis

goes through life forms but baby looks like a small adult

Subphylum Crustacea

Phylum Arthropoda: crayfish/lobsters, carapace and green glands, Classes Malacostraca and Cirripedia

Carapace

protective shell covering cephalothorax (Subphylum Crustacea)

Green glands

Glands for excretion of wastes (Subphylum Crustacea)

Class Malacostraca

Subphylum Crustacea: lobsters/shrimp/crayfish (things people eat)

Class Cirripedia

Subphylum Crustacea: barnacles, mobile larvae and sessile adults

Lophotrochozoans

have either a lophophore or trochophore (plus platyhelminthes)

Lophophore

Specalized feeding tentacles (lophotrochozoans)

Trochopore

Ciliated larvae (lophotrochozoans)

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Classes Turbellaria and Trematoda

Eucoelomate

true coelom