causes of alzheimers
amyloid proteins builds up to form amyloid plaques outside and around neurons inhibiting communication between neurons
another protien tau accumulates forming neurofibrillary tangles
reproduction - observational learning
to have the physicla and psychological ability to be able to perform the modelled behaviour.
acrostic
phrases of poems where the first letter of each word functions as cue too help with recall
neocortex
interacts with the hippocampus in consolidation and storage of retrieval of explicit memories, semantic memory - frontal lobe , episodic right temporal lobe
basal ganglia
involved with implicit memories involving motot skills as well as the forming of habits
cerebellum
involved in the encoding and temporary storage of implicit procedural memories (motor skills, coordination and balance
amygdala
involved with the formation and encoding of memories associated with emotion especially fear as well as classical conditioned responspes
hippocampus
involved in transferring new memories from STM to LTM and the formation and encoding of new explicit memories
explicit
memories with conscious awareness and can be described verbally
semantic
memories of factual knowledge about the world epi
episodic
memories of personal experience
maintenance rehearsal
repeating information over and over so it will be retained in STM
elaborative rehearsal
process of linking new info in a meaningful way with info already stored in memory
chunking
grouping seperate pieces if info into a larger single unit therefore reducing the items of info
LTM
unlimited capacity unlimited duration
STM
duration - 18-30 secs capacity - 5-9 items
inmformation is lost from STM by
decay not being used and displacement old info being pushed out for new info (capacity is exceeded)
sensory memory capacity
unlimited
iconic memory
visual sensory memory duration- 0.3-0.5 secs
echoic memory
auditory sensory memory durartion - 3-4 secs
retrieval
information is recovered form storage when needed
encoding
info is converted into a code that can be stored in memory
storage
information is retained over time in the brain
memory
an actiev info processing system that receives, organises, stores and recovers information
classical conditioning
passive learning which is based on the repeated association of two different stimuli
UCS pavlov
stimulus that produces a natural occuring involuntary response - sight of the food
UCR
involuntary responspe to the UCS - salivating at the sight of the food
NS
does not initially cause the involuntary resposnpe
CS
through repeated association produces the involuntary resposnpe
CR
learned responspe that is produced by the CS
factors that influence classical conditioning
timing of the UCS and NS pairing, the nS should be presented before teh UCS with a very short time between the pairing
three phases
ABC antecedent, behaviour, consequence
antecedent
the enviroment
behaviour
the action that generates the consequence
consequence
the outcome
positive reinforcement
the addition of a pleasant stimulus creating a pleasant outcome therefore strengthening the likelihood the behaviour will be repeated
negative reinfocement
is taking away an unpleasant stimulus creating a pleasant outcome strengthening the likelihood of teh behaviour being repeated
positive punishment
the addition of an unpleasant stimulus creating an unpleasant outcome hence weakening the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus creating an unpleasant outcome hence weakening the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
factors that influecne the effectiveness of consequences (O.C)
order of presentation consequence must be presented after behaviour
timing consequence must be given just after the behaviour is occured
appropriateness reinforcement must provide a pleasant consequence
vicarious conditioning
the individual watches another person displaying a behaviour which is eitehr punished or reinforced and then subsequently displays or refrains from performing the same behaviour
with in subjects design
when all particpants takes part in all conditions both the controlled group and experiental group
with in subjects design disadvantage
order effects participants may perform better the second time as they have practised the task
with in subjects design advantage
there are no individual participant differences therefore no extraneous variables
method of loci and how it can help remebering items on a list
Method of loci involves linking new information with information related to a location that is already stored in long term memory.
where info is need to learn in sequential order an easily distinguishable series of locations (like landmarks walking home from school)
Convert the items on list into mental images and link with well-known locations. For example: picturing a bag of apples sitting at the school gate