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civil rights act of 1866

declared all persons born in the United States to be citizens, "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.

14th amendment

citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,”

15th amendment

guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude

civil rights act of 1875

guaranteed all citizens, regardless of color, access to accommodations, theatres, public schools, churches, and cemeteries.

william tweed

head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city.

credit mobilier

was a fraudulent railroad finance company formed during America's Reconstruction period and used as a front for a profiteering scheme. Many politicians were involved in swindling money from federally funded railroad construction contracts.

panic of 1873

a financial crisis that triggered an economic depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1877

greenback party

an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active from 1874 to 1889. The party ran candidates in three presidential elections, in 1876, 1880 and 1884, before it faded away.

rutherford B hayes

19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881. During the American Civil War, _____ served in the Union Army and earned a reputation for bravery in combat, rising up the ranks to serve as brevet major general.

compromise of 1877

an unwritten political deal in the United States to settle the intense dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election,

wade-davis bill 1863

a bill "to guarantee to certain States whose governments have been usurped or overthrown a republican form of government," proposed for the Reconstruction of the South

freedmans bureau

congress passed an Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees” to provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.

black codes

restricted black people's right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces.

reconstruction acts 1867

outlined the terms for readmission to representation of rebel states. The bill divided the former Confederate states, except for Tennessee, into five military districts.

carpetbaggers

a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction.

scalawags

a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit

sharecropping

a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop. This encouraged tenants to work to produce the biggest harvest that they could, and ensured they would remain tied to the land and unlikely to leave for other opportunities.

amnesty act of 1872

a United States federal law passed on May 22, 1872, which removed most of the penalties imposed on former Confederates by the Fourteenth Amendment,

cornelius vanderbuilt

American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

american railroad association

 an industry trade group representing railroads in the United States.

andrew carnegie

led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history. He became a leading philanthropist in the United States

vertical integration

a business strategy in which a company takes ownership of two or more key stages of its supply chain

john d rockefeller

American industrialist and philanthropist, founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust.

standard oil trust

created a network of Standard Oil companies throughout the country, led by a board of trustees, where Rockefeller owned over one third of the certificates

Jp Morgan

 an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. Wikipedia

second industrial revolution

a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardisation, mass production and industrialisation from the late 19th century into the early 20th century

alexander graham bell

American inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.

thomas edison

an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures.

consumer economy

an economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product, as opposed to the other major components of GDP

interstate commerce act 1866

created an Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. With this act, the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation

sherman antitrust act

made monopolies and trusts illegal.

US vs EC knight

Sugar Trust Case," was a United States Supreme Court antitrust case that severely limited the federal government's power to pursue antitrust actions under the Sherman Antitrust Act

anti union tactics

tactics used to remove labor unions that served workers and gave trouble to buisnesses.

railroad strike of 1877

a response to the cutting of salaries of railroad workers by northern railroad companies. Involved protests and non-usage of railroads.

knights of labor

an American labor federation that fell off due to the haymarket incident ( Jschlatt was involved)

american federation of labor

a labor union formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers in order to voice the working class. It fought against labor forces and debated work conditions for skilled workers. Utilized Strikes. The AFL used strikes to help improve hours, working conditions, and wages for skilled workers.

pullman strike

a widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the U.S. Midwest in June–July 1894

social darwinism

1. the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

gospel of wealth

an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.

chinese exclusion act of 1882

provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States.

Bessemer process

the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.

homestead act

provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land. The act distributed millions of acres of western land to individual settlers.

dry farming

described as crop production without irrigation during a dry season, usually in a region that receives at least 20 inches (50 cm) of annual rainfall, and utilizes the moisture stored in the soil from the rainy season

dawes act of 1887

An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations,

tenant farmers

an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management, while tenant farmers contribute their labor

civil rights cases of 1883

combined five different cases that revolved around the 1875 Civil Rights Act, which guaranteed all persons the enjoyment of transportation facilities, in hotels and inns and in theaters and places of public amusement regardless of race, color or previous condition of servitude.

jim crow laws

mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s.

booker t washington

an American educator, author, and orator. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the primary leader in the African-American community and of the contemporary Black elite.

national grange

a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture.

immigration act of 1882

levies a tax of 50 cents for each passenger arriving by ship from a foreign port who is not a US citizen, to be paid by the ship's owner

contract labor act of 1885

prohibited any company or individual from bringing unskilled immigrants into the United States to work under contract.

american protective association

an American anti-Catholic secret society established in 1887 by Protestants.

ellis island 1892

America's largest and most active immigration station, where over 12 million immigrants were processed. On average, the inspection process took approximately 3-7 hours

political machines

a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives—money, political jobs—and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.

edward bellamy

an American author, journalist, and political activist most famous for his utopian novel Looking Backward. ______'s vision of a harmonious future world inspired the formation of numerous "Nationalist Clubs"

settlement houses

organizations that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants, often including education, healthcare, childcare, and employment resources.

temperance movement

first urged moderation, then encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation, and ultimately demanded that local, state, and national governments prohibit alcohol outright.

populist party

A US political party that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers in the 1890s, advocating increased currency issue, free coinage of gold and silver, public ownership of railroads, and a graduated federal income tax.

Tammany hall

a powerful NY political association that brought a lot to the NY communities in exchange for votes, while somewhat good, they did steal money and use the gifts to the people as a corrupt way to maintain power

civil service reform

an 1883 federal law that created the United States Civil Service Commission. It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system".

robber barons

successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical.

grover clevland

led the Bourbon Democrats, a pro-business movement opposed to high tariffs, free silver, inflation, imperialism, and subsidies to business, farmers, or veterans. His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the time.

high tariff

a policy designed to encourage rapid industrialisation and protect the high American wage rates

mckinley tariff 1890

increased the taxes on most imported goods while eliminating taxes on luxury items. The intent was to protect American industries from foreign competition.

sherman silver purchase

increased the government's monthly silver purchases by 50 percent. In the years immediately after 1890, a combination of pressures sharply reduced the amount of gold in the U.S. Treasury, precipitating a panic in the spring of 1893.

panic of 1893

an economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy and produced political upheaval that led to the political realignment of 1896 and the presidency of William McKinley.

gilded age

a period of immense economic change, great conflict between the old ways and brand new systems, and huge fortunes were made and lost

gold standard

a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold