Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam!!!!!

Which of the following terms refers to the sum of all chemical reaction of a cell?

Metabolism

Reproduction

Homeostasis

Adaptability

Responsiveness

Metabolism

Which of the following terms refers to the maintenance of the body's internal environment within narrow physiological limits, or "steady state"?

Metabolism

Reproduction

Adaptability

Responsiveness

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

What is the term that refers to the the microscopic study of cells?

Embryology

Cytology

Histology

Pathology

Gross anatomy

Cytology

What is the term that refers to the microscopic study of tissues?

Cytology

Histology

Embryology

Pathology

Gross anatomy

Histolgy

Anatomy refers to ____(1)____, as physiology refers to ____(2)____.

(1) growth, (2) structure

(1) growth, (2) function

(1) function, (2) form

(1) form, (2) function

Form, Function

Which of the following correctly lists the levels of organization from least complex to most complex?
1. Cellular 2. Chemical 3. Organ System 4. Tissue 5. Organ

1, 2, 5, 4, 3
2, 1, 4, 5, 3
2, 1, 5, 4, 3
3, 5, 4, 1, 2

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System

Which of the following levels of organization does a protein belong to?

Cellular

Organ

Tissue

Chemical

Chemical

Which of the following levels of organization does the heart belong to?

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Chemical

Organ

Which of the following systems of the human body is NOT correctly matched to its function and major organs?

A-Digestive system – mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine; responsible for ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of feces

B-Lymphatic system – lungs, trachea, and diaphragm; responsible for inhalation of oxygen, exhalation of carbon dioxide, and gas exchange between the alveoli and bloodstream

C-Circulatory system – blood, blood vessels, and heart; responsible for the transport and distribution of blood, respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.

D-Endocrine system – pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, and thymus; responsible for the secretion of hormones for the purpose of regulating growth and metabolic process within body cells.

B

The respiratory system is composed of the kidneys and urinary bladder, and is responsible for cleaning and filtering the blood, fluid, and electrolyte balance.

TrueFalse

False

Match the following anatomical terms with their correct common names.

__4___Cheek

__3___Chin

__2___Neck

__6___Ear

__1___Head

___5__Eye

1.Cephalic

2.Cervical

3.Mental

4.Buccal

5.Orbital

6.Otic

cheek-buccal
chin-mental
neck-cervical
ear-otic
head-cephalic
eye-orbital

Match the following anatomical terms with their correct common names

___3__Groin

___4__Heel

___1__Loin

___2__Armpit

1.Lumbar

2.Axillary

3.Inguinal

4.Calcaneal

Groin-
Heel-calcaneal
loin-
Armpit- axillary

The correct anatomical term for back of elbow is__________.

antecubital

olecranal

digital

carpal

olecranal

The correct anatomical term for wrist is____________.

antecubital

olecranal

carpal

digital

Carpal (carpus)

The correct anatomical term for thigh is_____________.

sural

crural

femoral

calcaneal

Femoral

The correct anatomical term for arm is____________.

calcaneal

olecranal

talus

brachial

Bracial

Which of the following directional terms refers to near to point of origin (close to body)?

Lateral

Proximal

Posterior

Distal

Proximal

Which of the following directional terms refers to the external/surface portion of an anatomical structure?

Proximal

superior

deep

superficial

Superficial

The scapula is __________ to the lungs.

inferior

lateral

superior

intermediate

Superior

The term that means "away from midline" is______________.

superior

inferior

lateral

medial

Lateral

Which of the following refers to the plane that can divide the body into two EQUAL halves?

horizontal

oblique

para-sagittal

mid-sagittal

Mid-sagittal

The pericardial cavity is part of which of the following?

Cranial cavity

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

A transverse plane divides the body into ___________________.

superior and inferior portions
equal right and left halves
equal anterior and posterior portions
ventral and dorsal cavities

Superior and Inferior protions

Which of the following is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus and possesses a neutral charge, low energy, and high mass?

Neutrons

Protons

Electrons

Diatoms

Neutrons

Which of the following is defined by an element's atomic number?

Number of neutrons (n)
Number of protons plus number of electrons (p+e)
Number of protons (p)
Number of protons plus number of neutrons (p+n)

Number or protons

The chemical behavior of an atom, including whether it will form bonds, is determined by the _________.

number of its neutrons
size of the atom
mass number
number of its valence electrons

Number of its valence electrons

A neutral atom of carbon has how many neutrons?

Question options:

6

7

12

8

6

neutral atom of sodium has how many electrons?

5

11

12

22

11

A neutral atom of phosphorus how many valence electrons?

30

15

5

6

How many Protons does H^+1 contain?

1
2
3
0

1

An atom becomes a cation by _____________.

accepting electrons in its outermost shell
giving up electrons from its outermost shell
sharing electrons with another atom
forming a covalent bond with other atoms

Giving up elections from its outermost shell

In an ionic bond, atoms are bonded by the ________.

transfer of protons from one atom to another
transfer of neutrons from one atom to another
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
sharing of electrons between two or more atoms

Sharing of elections between two or more atoms

How many protons in a molecule of water (H2O)?


8
16
17
10

8

How many neutrons in a molecule of water (H20)?

8
10
16
17

8

Which of the following best describes a substance that has a pH of 14?

Slightly acidic
Slightly basic
Extremely acidic
Extremely basic

Extremely basic

Isotopes differ in the number of _____________.

electrons only
protons only
neutrons only
protons and neutrons

Neutrons only

The electron shell (level) nearest the nucleus of an atom holds a maximum of how many electrons?

one
two
eight
eighteen

two

Electrons in the outermost electron shell (level) are referred to as______________.

extra-orbital electrons
ionic electrons
potential electrons
valence electrons

valence electrons

In a covalent bond, atoms are bonded by______________.

sharing pairs of electrons
sharing pairs of protons
attractions of unlike electrical chargers
direct contact between atomic nuclei

sharing pairs of electrons

Which of the following best describes the substance H2CO3 if it disassociates in water to form H+ and HCO3-?

Acid
Base
Salt
Neutral

acid

If calcium is Ca^2+ how many electrons does it have?


20
10
18
22

10

All of the following are nitrogenous bases associated with DNA except

Guanine

Cytosine

Adenine

Uracil

Thymine

Uracil

To catalyze a chemical reaction is to slow it down.

TrueFalse

false

Enzymes catalyze reactions by________________.

changing structures

lowering activation energy

increasing activation energy

adding energy to the cell

increasing activation energy

Water is considered neutral because it yields an equal number of H+ and an OH- in solution.

TrueFalse

True

NaCl is an example for a/an _________________.

salt

buffer

acid

neutral

Salt

Lactose is made of _______________.

2 glucose molecules
1 glucose and 1 fructose
1 glucose and 1 galactose
1 fructose and 1 galactose

1 fructose and 1 galactose

Glucose is an example of a polysaccharide.

TrueFalse

false

Which functional group is COOH?

hydroxyl
carboxylic
amine
carbonyl

carboxylic

The term hydrophobic literally means "water fearing".

TrueFalse

True

Choose DNA or RNA for the following characteristics

___1__Double-stranded helix

__1__Contains deoxyribose sugar

__2___Contain ribose sugar

___2__Contain uracil

1.DNA

2.RNA

1,1,2,2

Which of the following are the major characteristic of secondary protein structure?

Linear polypeptide chain
3D structure due to supercoiling
Alpha helix and beta sheets
twisting of two or more polypeptide chains

Alpha helix and beta sheets

Which of the following refers to fold within the plasma membrane on the apical surface of the cell for the purpose of increasing the surface area for membrane transport?

cilia
mitochondria
microvilli
centrioles

Microvilli

Which of the following is the organelle responsible for the synthesis of ATP by the processes of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system?

centrioles
nucleus
nucleolus
mitochondria

mitochondria

Which of the following is a highly folded membrane studded with ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis?

Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton

rough Er

Which of the following is membranous sac that detoxifies the cell be removing free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide

lysosome
peroxisome
cytosol
nucleolus

lysosmoe

The control center of the cell which directs all cellular activities and stores the genetic material is the _______________.

nucleolus
nucleus
mitochondria
golgi apparatus

nucleolus

Highly folded membrane composed of five to six flattened sacs and is responsible for processing, packaging and distributing substances within vesicles is the ________________.

golgi apparatus
rough ER
smooth ER
lysosome

smooth er

A non-membrane bound structure composed of microtubules arranged in nine triplets and is responsible for the production of spindle fibers is ____________.

centriole
cilia
cytoskeleton
cytosol

centriole

A transient nuclear organelle responsible for the production of ribosomal RNA is called_________________.

nucleus
nucleolus
DNA
nuclear envelop

nucleolus

Plasma Membranes are considered selectively permeable.

TrueFalse

true

Which of the following refers to a solution that contains the same solute concentration as the cell?

hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
epitonic

isotonic

The condition of an animal cell when placed into a hypertonic solution is called crenation.

TrueFalse

true

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution would ______________

lyse
crenate
shrink
nothing would happen to it

lyse

The DNA sequence ATCGCTTGCTAA is represented by which of the following RNA sequences?

TAGCGAACGAUU
TAGCGTTCGATT
UAGCGTTCGAUU
UAGCGUUCGAUU

TAGCGAACGAUU

A basic unit of heredity is called a _________.

linear sequence
histone
gene
codon

GENE

The sugar found in RNA is called__________.

ribose
deoxyribose
glucose
galactose

RIBOSE

The process of transcription involves production of_______________.

two new DNA strands from original strands
DNA from an mRNA template
an amino acid chain from mRNA template
mRNA from a DNA template

MRNA from a DNA template

S is the stage of interphase when the cell performs its everyday function and doubles its organelles.

TrueFalse

FALSE

Match the following phases with their correct description.
____3_Reforming of nuclear membrane.
__4___Separation of sister chromatids
___5__Formation of spindle fibers and breakdown of the nuclear membrane
____1_The cell spends most of its life in this phase.
__2___Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
_6____Formation of cleavage furrow
1.Interphase
2.Metaphase
3.Telophase
4.Anaphase
5.Prophase
6.Cytokinesis

345126

Which of the following unwinds and unzips the DNA template during DNA replication processes?

Spliceosome
Helicase
Ligase
DNA polymerase

Helicase

Cancer cells have lost their ability to regulate cell division and eventually divide out of control until a mass of cells have formed called a tumor. Which of the following terms refers to a tumor that easily metastasizes to other areas of the body?

Benign
Malignant
Zygote
Osteocyte

malignant

The first step in protein synthesis involves the formation of RNA from a DNA template. This process is called____________.

DNA replication
Translation
Translocation
Transcription

transcription

The movement of the ribosome down the mRNA strand is called __________.

Translocation
Transcription
Translation
Transformation

translocation

Aerobic respiration takes place in the_________________.

Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus

mitochondria

Glycolysis takes place in the____________.

Matrix of the mitochondria
Cristae of the mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

cytoplasm

The end result of cellular respiration is_________. (Hint: total)

36 ATPs
32 ATPs
2 ATPs
4 ATPs

32 ATPS

"Junk DNA" or non-coding segments of DNA are called______________.

introns
splicosomes
codons
exons

INTRONS

Simple diffusion is the movement of solutes through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

TrueFalse

TRUE

Which of the following represent an end codon used for translation of mRNA into a polypeptide?

AUG
GCC
CAT
UGA

AUG

The microscopic study of tissues is known as _____________.

Embryology
Cytology
Pathology
Histology

HISTOLOGY

Glands that lack ducts and produce hormones are called __________.

Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Merocrine gland
Apocrine gland

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

An exocrine gland that loses small parts of its cell bodies during secretion, as is the case for the mammary gland, is further classified as a(n) ____________ gland.

Ectocrine
apocrine
holocrine
endocrine

APOCRINE

Which of the following substances contributes to one's skin tone or color?

1. Keratin 3. Carotene 5. Hemoglobin
2. Melanin 4. Sebum

2 only
3 and 5
2, 3, and 5
1, 2, and 3

2,3,5

Which of the following structures of a nail is a pale, crescent-shaped region where the dermal blood vessels are obscured?

Nail body
Eponychium
Hyponychium
Lunula

lunula

The epidermis is dominated by which of the following cells?

Adipocytes
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes
Leukocytes

keratinocytes

Which of the following modified sweat glands is located in the external auditory meatus where it secretes wax?

Sebaceous gland
Ceruminous gland
Mammary gland
Apocrine gland

ceruminous gland

Most common skin cancer is melanoma.

TrueFalse

false

Which of the following nerve endings is found within the dermis and hypodermis and is responsible for the detection of deep pressure?

tactile corpuscle
Lamellated corpuscle
Merkel cells
Free nerve endings

lamellated corpuscle

Which of the following hormones of the skin is released during times of stress and loosen the connections between keratinocytes which then reduces the skin's effectiveness as a barrier to infection?

thyroid hormones
steroid hormones
growth hormones
hormonal vitamin D

steroid hormones

Sweat is composed primarily of ___________________.

salt
water
glucose
oil

water

Match the following nail structures with their correct descriptions.
_____Free edge of the nail composed of a thickened stratum corneum.
_____Consists of dead, tightly compressed cells that are packed with keratin
_____It is more commonly called the cuticle
_____Anchors the nail body into underlying tissue.
1.Nail root
2.Eponychium
3.Nail body
4.Hyponychium

4,3,2,1

The cutaneous membrane is primarily composed of two major layers: the epidermis and___________?

hypodermis
endodermis
dermis

dermis

The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia is a part of the integumentary system.

TrueFalse

true

Order the five strata of the epidermis from innermost to outermost.

_____Stratum basale_____Stratum corneum_____Stratum lucidum_____Stratum granulosum_____Stratum spinosum

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

Which of the following is a function of bone?

Hematopoiesis
Movement
Storage
All of the above

all of the above

The growth plate is also referred to as the?

Diaphysis plate
epiphyseal plate
enlargement plate
Dinner plate

epiphyseal plate

Osteogenesis or ossification is_________________.

Formation of bone
Bone growth
Bone repair
Bone fracture

formation of bone

The shaft of a long bone is called the?

Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Shank
Epiphysis

diaphysis

Bones such as the vertebrae and pelvis are best described as ___________.

Long bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Flat bones

irregular dones