BIOL 1010 Exam 3

When You are taking your blood pressure in your arm, you are measuring the force exerted on that blood by:

Contracting left ventricle

The pulmonary capillaries contain a high level of carbon dioxide. Where will that carbon dioxide go next?

The Alveoli

Maximum lung capacity in adult males:

+/- 5.7 Liters

Maximum lung capacity in adult females:

+/- 4.2 Liters

Vital Capacity

Amount of air that can move out of the lungs in one breath

Tidal Volume

Air flowing into and out of the lungs inn the respiratory cycle (+/- 0.5 liters)

Residual volume remains in lungs and does what?

Keeps the lungs inflated

Alvelous

Epithelial cells with membrane of outer surface

Pulmonary capillaries consist of what?

They consist of endothelial cells, basement membrane

Thin respiratory membrane =

Alveolar epithelium + Pulmonary endothelium + membranes

Oxygen flows into:

The pulmonary capillaries

Carbon Dioxide flows out into:

The alveoli

Extracelluar fluid is kept within tolerable ranges by the:

The Urinary System

Water and solutes are ADDED by:

Absorption, Metabolism, and Respiration

Water and solutes are LOST by:

Urinary excretion, evaporation from respiratory surfaces, sweat, and elimination in feces

Components of the Urinary System:

Kidneys, Urine, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Kidneys

1. composed of a cortex (outer) and a medulla (Inner)

2. Filter water, mineral ions, organic wastes, and other substances from the blood

3. 99% returns to the blood; the 1% that doesn't is urine

Urine

Fluid that rids the body of water and solutes that are not needed

Urinary Bladder

Muscular sac that stores urine

Nephrons (basic function of the kidney)

1. Slender tubules that extend from the kidney cortex down through the medulla

2. Water and solutes are filtrated from blood (most will be reclaimed in the peritubular gap)

3. Each one starts at the Bowman's capsule. Inside the capsule is a blood filtering unit called the glomerulus

4. The filtrate leaves the Bowman's capsule and flows through the rest of it

Path of filtrate through the Nephron:

Proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

Urine formed by three processes:

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

Reabsorption

Solutes and water which move out of the nephron tubules are absorbed into the peritubular capillaries and return to general circulation

Secretion

Solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron

Excretion

- Water and solutes that were not reabsorbed, or were secreted into the tubule, flow into the renal pelvis

- Eliminated from the body by the urinary tract

Path of filtrate through the Nephron (picture)

Filtration

Pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries

Sweat Glands (for excretion)

Release water and some solutes (urea)

Large Intestine (for excretion)

Remove salts and heavy metals (lead) from blood

Lungs (for excretion)

Remove carbon dioxide, water, and alcohol from the blood - exhaled

Adrenal Cortex

Secretes cortisol - raises blood glucose levels

Thyroid Gland

1. Located at the base of the trachea

2. Secretes thryoxine - regulates metabolism

3. Produces calcitonin which promotes the deposition of calcium into the bone

Hypothydroism

Low levels of blood in the thyroid can cause it; gain weight easily, sluggish, dry skinned, confused, depressed

Hyperthyroidism

If blood levels in the thyroid are too high; causes increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, profuse sweating, and weight loss

Parathyroid Gland

1. 4 glands located on the posterior side of the thyroid

2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

- Raises blood calcium levels (goes from bone to blood)

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose levels

Insulin

Causes glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose cells from the blood (lowers blood glucose level)

Diabetes Melitus

Insulin deficiency which causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, then in urine

1. Urination becomes excessive and the body becomes dehydrated

2. Without glucose body cells start depleting their own fats and proteins as sources of energy

Type 1 Diabetes

Juvenile onset diabetes; lymphocytes destroy insulin secreting cells; insulin shots required

Type 2 Diabetes

Cells produce less insulin; usually emerges during middle ages; can often be controlled with diet and taking prescription drugs

Testosterone responsible for:

1. Development of secondary sex characteristics

2. Promotes development of sperm

3. Responsible for sex drive in males

Ovaries

Produce estrogen and progesterone

Estrogen

Produces secondary sex characteristics and maintains pregnancy

Progesterone

Maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy

Thymus

Located superior to the heart

1. Large during childhood, but absent in adults

2. Thymosine hormones - causes the maturation of lymphocytes

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin

Melatonin:

1. Delays the onset of sexual maturity

2. Regulates biorhythms such as day and night activity cycles

Testes

Sperm production

1. Scrotum

2. 95 degrees

3. seminiferous tubules - coiled tubes

- Sperm production

Epididymis

Duct that sperm enters after leaving that testes - becomes mobile

Vas Deferens

Tube, carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

Urethra

Tube, interior of the penis

Semen

Formed when glandular secretions mix with sperm

Seminal Vesicle

Secrete fructose into semen, sperm use as an energy source

Prostate Gland

Secretions buffer the pH of the female reproductive tract

Bulbourethral Glands

2 glands, secretions thought to buffer pH of female reproductive tract

Cushing Syndrome

A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time (Adrenal Cortex)

Hormones

Products secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands; regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and maintenance

Hypothalamus

In forebrain, synthesizes two hormones which are conveyed to the to the pituitary gland

Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)

At the base of the hypothalamus - anterior lobe, posterior lobe

Posterior Lobe

Secretes two hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus

Antidiuretic Hormone

Responsible for reabsorption of water from the nephron

Diabetes Insipidus

Excessive urination due to the lack of the antidiuretic hormone

Hormones produced by the Pituitary gland

Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, somatropin

Hormones produced by the Posterior lobe (Pituitary gland)

Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin

Hormones produced by the Anterior lobe (Pituitary gland)

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, somatropin

Oxytocin

Females - responsible for labor contractions and milk letdown

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

Females: causes follicle to mature

Male: Stimulates testes to produce sperm; starts spermatogenesis

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Female: Ovulation, formation of corpus luteum (formed from remnants of the rupture on ovary)

Male: Promotes cells to secrete testosterone

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating hormone)

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin hormone)

Stimulates corext of adrenal glands to produce cortisol

Prolactin

Responsible for milk production in females

Somatropin

Growth hormone

Acromegaly

Overproduction of somatropin; age quickly

Hormones produced by the pineal gland

Melatonin

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland

Calcitonin

Calcitonin

Promotes the deposition of calcium into the bone

Hormones produced by the Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) definition

Raises blood calcium levels (goes from bone to bone)

Adrenal Glands layers

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Hormones produced by the Adrenal cortex

Secretes cortisol

Hormones produces by the Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Hormones produced by the pancreas

Glucagon, Insulin

Hormone secreted by testes

Testosterone

Hormones secreted by ovaries

Estrogen and Progesterone

Spermatogenesis (picture)

Spermatogonia

Cells in testes, undergo mitosis and produce primary spermatocytes

Hormones in Spermatogenesis:

LH, FSH, and testosterone

Ovaries produce:

Oocytes (immature eggs)

Oviducts (2)

Channel from the ovary to the uterus

Uterus

Hollow organ in which the embryo can grow and develop

Endometrium

Inner lining of the uterus wall - where the embryo implants

Cervix

Narrow portion of the uterus above the vagina

Vagina

Muscular tube - extends from the cervix to the surface of the body. Receives sperm and is part of the birth canal

Oogenesis (picture, one with two)

Follicle

The primary oocyte and the cell layer around it