Chapter 11. Personality

These flashcards cover key theories, terms, and individuals related to personality psychology as discussed in the lecture.

What is personality defined as?

Unique enduring traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

Who believed that personality was based on temperaments resulting from four bodily fluids?

Hippocrates.

What theory did Sigmund Freud develop that posits the unconscious is the most powerful force in personality?

Psychodynamic Theory.

What are the three regions of personality proposed by Freud?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

What does the Id represent in Freud's model?

Impulse and desire, governed by the pleasure principle.

What role does the Ego play in Freud's personality model?

Mediates between the Id and Superego, following the reality principle.

What is the function of the Superego according to Freud?

Monitors and controls behavior based on moralistic principles.

Who proposed that the major drive for behavior is the striving for superiority?

Alfred Adler.

What theory did Erik Erikson develop?

Psychosocial theory of development.

In Carl Jung's theory, what are the two types of unconscious?

Personal unconscious and collective unconscious.

What did Karen Horney emphasize in her approach to personality?

The influence of unconscious anxiety related to childhood needs.

What do Learning approaches to personality focus on?

Observable behavior.

Who believed that personality is the result of environment and rewards/punishments?

B.F. Skinner.

What is Self-Efficacy?

The level of confidence in one's abilities.

What does Locus of Control refer to?

Beliefs about the power we have in our lives regarding outcomes.

What concept suggests that cognitive processes, behavior, and context interact?

Reciprocal Determinism.

Who developed the social-cognitive theory of development?

Albert Bandura.

What are the traits classified into according to Gordon Allport?

Cardinal, central, and secondary traits.

What is the Big 5 Personality Traits acronym?

OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

What is Heritability in personality?

The proportion of difference among people attributed to genetics.

What type of tests are self-report inventories?

Objective tests used to assess personality.

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)?

A self-report inventory that assists in the diagnosis of psychological disorders.

What does the Rorschach Inkblot Test measure?

An individual's interpretation of inkblots.

What does anthropomorphizing involve?

Projecting human qualities onto animals.

What does 'liking' something on Facebook predict?

Your personality.

Who believed that personality could be determined by the location of bumps on the skull?

Franz Gall, founder of phrenology.

What is Repression in the context of unconscious strategies?

An unconscious act of keeping bad thoughts or feelings out of consciousness.

What does Denial refer to in unconscious strategies?

Failing to accept reality.

What is Reaction Formation?

When an unpleasant idea or feeling is turned into its opposite.

What does Projection involve in terms of unconscious strategies?

Putting certain ideas or feelings onto someone else.

What is Sublimation in the context of personality?

Expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way.

What are Neo-Freudians?

Theorists who agree with some of Freud's ideas but feel that some ideas need to be modified.

Who conducted research that did not support the idea that people act the same across different situations?

Walter Mischel.

What do Humanistic approaches focus on?

Healthy development and emphasize the capacity for self-directed change.

Who studied self-actualized people?

Abraham Maslow.

Who promoted the concept of unconditional positive regard?

Carl Rogers.

What does the Biological perspective investigate?

Genetics and biological differences to explain personality.

What does the Trait perspective describe?

An individual’s personality using characteristics.

What are Cardinal traits?

Traits that dominate an entire personality or life (e.g., Scrooge's greed).

What are Central traits?

Traits that make up personality (e.g., loyal, kind, friendly).

What are Secondary traits?

Less obvious or consistent traits, such as preferences and attitudes (e.g., angry when tickled, nervous when giving a speech).

What does Culture refer to in psychology?

Beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society.

What is the Cultural-comparative approach?

Testing Western ideas in other cultures.

What is the Indigenous approach?

An approach based on constructs relevant to that culture.

What are Self-report inventories?

Objective tests used to assess personality.

What is a Projective test?

A test where the test-taker is presented with an ambiguous item and is asked to provide an interpretation.

What does the Rorschach Inkblot Test measure?

An individual's interpretation of inkblots.

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A test where individuals tell a story based on a picture provided.

What is the Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB)?

A test consisting of 20 color images showing scenes of African-American lifestyles, aimed at eliciting story narratives.

What is the TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test?

A culturally relevant test using images and cues to relate to Hispanic youths, prompting them to 'Tell Me A Story.'

What is the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank?

A projective test available in school, college, and adult forms.