Palmer- Spinal- Exam 2 LO/TQs

Which thoracic vertebrae are classified as typical and atypical thoracics

Typical: T2-T8

Atypical: T1, T9-T12

What is the height difference of thoracic vertebral bodies

posterior height of VB 1-2 mm greater than anterior height

T/F: thoracic vertebrae have a flat, leveled (planar) IVD

true

Explain the width between left and right superior and inferior articular processes between T2-T4.

What about T5-T8?

T2-T4: greater width between L/R superior articular process compared to inferior articular process.

T5-T8: are equal in distance

What degree do spinous processes slant posteriorly/inferiorly on T2-T4?

What about T5-T8?

T2-T4: 40 degree angle

T5-T8: 60 degree angle

what is the aortic impression and how is it formed?

flattened portion of vertebral bodies due to compression of sup/inf. epiphyseal rims by the aorta

ONLY on T5-T8

what are the two types of costovertebral joints associated with thoracic vertebrae?

- Costocentral joint (rib to VB)

- constotransverse joint (rib to TVP)

What is the level of the aortic impression? TQ

What side? TQ

T5-T8

left side

what is being compressed by the aorta, leaving the aortic impression

superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

What is the VB body shape of typical thoracic vertebrae (T2-T8)

triangular/ heart shaped

What is the vertebral foramen (spinal canal) shape of a typical vertebrae?

Oval/circular

What is responsible for the typical thoracic kyphotic curvature?

Does the IVD play a role?

The posterior part of the VB is greater than the height of the anterior part of VB

IVD does not contribute, it is FLAT

What is the location of the pars interarticularis

The region between the superior and inferior articular processes at the lamina

What is the location of the transverse tubercle and transverse costal facet

Transverse tubercle is on the end of the TVP

transverse costal facet is on the end of the transverse tubercle

The transverse costal facet of T2-T6 is _______________

The transverse costal facet of T7-T8 is ____________

TQ

concaved

Flat

where are superior and inferior demi-facets?

What parts of the ribs do they articular with?

between the head of the rib and the thoracic vertebral body

articulate with sup/inf. articular surfaces of the head of the rib

One typical thoracic vertebral body participates in how many costocentral joints?

4 (2 w/ superior demi-facets, 2 with inferior demi-facets)

The head of rib 7 with articulate with the _____________ costal demifacet of T6 and the _________________ costal demifacet of T7

TQ

inferior; superior

What are the supporting ligaments of the costotransverse joints, including joint classification and attachment sites

1) capsular ligament

2) superior costotransverse

3) inferior costotransverse

4) Lateral costotransverse

What is the classification of costovertebral (costocentral and costotransverse) joints?

synovial plane joints

describe the location of costotransverse joints

how many costotransverse joints does each vertebrae participate in?

One the transverse tubercles

2 joints (L/R transverse processes)

What are the supporting ligaments of the costocentral joints

1) Capsular ligament

2) Radiate/stellate ligaments

3) Intra-articular ligament

What structures do the radiate/stellate ligaments of the costocentral joint connect?

connects head of the rib to vertebral bodies and IVD in a vertebral couple

What 2 structures does the inter/intraarticular ligament connect?

interarticular crest on the head of the rib with associated IVD within a vertebral couple

What is the joint classification of a costocentral joint?

Synovial Plane diarthrosis joint

Understand and describe the location of costocentral joints

where the rib articulates with the vertebral BODY

What is the classification of the costotransverse ligaments?

fibrous syndesmosis

What two structures does the the inferior costotransverse ligament connect/attach?

lateral costrotransverse?

superior costrotransverse?

inferior: anterior border of TP to posterior neck of rib at SAME level

lateral: non-articular surface of rib tubercle to transverse tubercle at SAME level

superior: inferior border of TP above to neck of rib below. DIFFERENT levels.

What are the muscles that attach at the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae (13)

- Trapezius

- Lat. Dorsi

- Rhomboid Major

- Serratus posterior superior

- Splenius cervicis, capitus

- Spinalis thoracis, cervicis, capitus

- semispinalis thoracis

- multifidus

- rotators

-interspinalis

What are the ligaments that attach at spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae (2)

interspinous ligament

supraspinous ligament

What are the muscles that attach at the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae (10)

- Longissimus thoracic, cervicis, capitis

- semispinalis thoracis, cervicis, capitis

- multifidus

- Rotator longus, brevis

- intertransversarii

What are the joint surfaces and classifications on associated surfaces with costovertebral joints (10)

-2 superior costal demi facets

-2 inferior costal demi facets

-2 transverse costal facets

-2 superior articular facets

-2 inferior articular facets

ALL SYNOVIAL PLANE

how many cartilaginous symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical thoracic

2 (IVD)

how many costocentral joint surfaces are located on a typical thoracic

4

what joint classification does the costotransverse ligament support? NBQ/TQ

*hint: there is superior, inferior and lateral costotransverse ligaments.

synovial plane joint

(since the joint is supporting the articulation between the rib and TVP, which forms a plane joint)

What joint classification do the costotransverse ligaments associate with? TQ

BE CAREFUL!! Associate does NOT mean support!! She will try to trick you.

fibrous syndesmosis joints

(If I asked which joint they supported, it would be synovial plane joints.)

If inferior costotransverse ligament is attaching at C7, where is its other attachment point? TQ

posterior neck of rib 7

How many total synovial joint surfaces are on typical thoracic vertebrae?

10 total

What is the only feature on T9 that is variable, making it an atypical vertebrae?

everything else on T9 is the same as the typical vertebrae!

T9 inferior costal demi-facet may be ABSENT if 10th rib articulates with IVD between T9/T10

Which muscle is absent at spinous processes of T9 and T10? TQ/NBQ

Spinalis

which muscle attachment is absent from all spinous processes below T6?

TQ/NBQ

semispinalis

How many total synovial joint surface are there on T9?

10 total (same as typical vertebrae)

T/F: T10 vertebral body has a complete costal facet, meaning there is no interarticular ligament/crest on rib 10

TRUE

what is the most common site/vertebra for a para-articular process (ossification of ligamentum flavum)

T10

T/F: T10 has a costotransverse facet and a costotransverse joint.

TRUE (in our book, it says t10 has this, but in real life it is variable. )

If t10 has a costotransverse joint, what ligament is also present?

costotransverse capsular ligament

what are the muscle attachments at T10 transverse process

Longissimus thoracis

semispinalis thoracis

multifidus

rotators

intertransversarii

levator costorum brevis and longus

What ligament(s) attach to the T10 transverse process?

intertransverse ligament

what muscle attach to the T10 spinous process

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

multifidus

rotators

interspinalis

what ligaments attach to t10 spinous process?

supraspinous

interspinous

What stabilizes the 12th rib? 100% TQ

Superior costotransverse ligament from T11

and Lumbocostal ligament from L1

How many total synovial plane joint surfaces are on T10? TQ

8 total

(4 Z joints, 2 Costocentral joints, 2 costotransverse joints)

what makes T11 unique?

-Transverse costal facet is ABSENT

-Complete costal facet on body is below superior epiphyseal rim, close to the pedicle

What is the classification of all the T10 synovial joints?

synovial plane (diarthrosis)

The spinous processes of T11 are ___________-like, and are short, thick and rectangular.

lumbar

how many synovial joint surfaces are present on T11?

6

(4 Z joint, 2 costocentral joints)

how many cartilaginous symphysis joints are on T11?

2

(VB and IVD superior and inferiorly)

how many synovial joint surfaces are on t11 vertebral body?

2 costocentral joints

The complete costal facet of T12 is located directly _________ the ___________

on; pedicles

how many tubercles are on T12 transverse process?

3

What are the three transverse tubercles on T12 and what are they each homologous for?

100% TQ

Superior tubercle- homologous for mammillary process

Inferior tubercle-homologous for accessory process

Lateral tubercle- homologous to transverse process

How is rib 12 stabilized? 100% TQ

stabilized by the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and lumbocostal ligament from L1

T/F: T12 is the least commonly injured thoracic vertebra?

FALSE: most prone to injuries from stress

which two muscles insert to the vertebral body on T12 ? TQ

Psoas major, psoas minor

Give the Total synovial joints on each of the following vertebrae:

T1-9

T10

T11-12

T1-9: 10 total

T10: 8 total

T11-12: 6 total

What makes up the anterior, lateral and posterior walls of the thoracic cage?

Anterior wall: sternum and costal cartilage

Lateral walls: Ribs

Posterior wall: Thoracic Vertebrae

costal cartilage is made up of ______________ cartilage. TQ

hyaline cartilage

What makes up the costal margin?

Costal cartilage of ribs 7-10

What is the function of the costal margin? (inferior margin of anterior wall of thorax)

- Protects abdominal organs

- attachment point for diaphragm

What are the three osseous components of the sternum

1) Manubrium

2) corpus/body/gladiolus

3) xiphoid process

What are the two other names for the body of the sternum?

gladiolus and corpus sterni

what are the features of the manubrium? (3)

1) Jugular notch

2) Clavicular notches (sc joint)

3) Costal notch I-II (sternochondral joints)

The disc between the manubrium and sterni is made from ______________________ and forms the __________________________ symphysis.

fibrocartilage; manubriosternal

what is present in 4-7% of the population and is a result of failure of ossification centers between sternebrae?

Sternal foramen

What are the joints of the anterior thorax (4)

1) interchondral j.

2) costochondral j.

3) sternal j.

4) sternocostal j.

The xiphoid process is a _______________ _______________ from the inferior aspect of the corpus sterni (body). TQ

carilaginous extension

what is the ONLY part of the sternum that has a secondary ossification center?

Xiphoid process

The xiphoid process is the attachment site for the _____________ and the anchor for the ____________ ______________ muscle. 100% TQ

diaphragm; rectus abdominis

T/F: the xiphoid process ossifies by age 25

FALSE: variable ossification times throughout life

T/F: the caudal end of the xiphoid process remains a cartilage matrix into adult life.

TRUE

what is the joint classification of a costochondral joint?

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?

synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint

the sternoclavicular joint is shaped like a _____________ joint, classifies as a __________________ joint, and acts like a _______________ joint. NBQ/TQ

synovial plane; synovial saddle; ball and socket

What separates the articular surfaces of the sternum and clavicle, forming two synovial joints? (100% TQ)

interarticular disc of sc joint

What are the supporting ligaments of the Sternoclavicular joint?

TQ- asked as "all of the following support the SC joint except...)

- anterior sternoclavicular

- posterior sternoclavicular

- interclavicular

- costoclavicular ligaments

the first sternochondral joint is classifies as ___________________?

What are the supporting ligaments

- cartilaginous synchondrosis joint

- anterior/posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments

What is the only rib-sternum articulation that is not synovial, but is separated by hyaline cartilage? (cartilaginous synchondrosis joint)

first sternochondral joint

What is the difference between true and false ribs

true; attch directly to sternum

False: attach indirectly to sternum

which rib articulating joint has 2 synovial cavities? (100% TQ- watch for tricky wording)

Second sternochondral joint

which joint has 2 synovial cavities and does NOT articulate with the ribs?

sternoclavicular joint

the ____________________ ligament attaches fibrous capsule to the manubrium symphysis in the second sternochondral joint, forming 2 synovial cavities. TQ

interarticular ligament

what is the classification and supporting ligaments of the second sternochondral joint

- synovial plane joint

- anterior/posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments

What is the classification of the sternochondral joints for Ribs 3-7?

What are the supporting ligaments?

synovial plane joints

anterior/posterior radiate sternocostal ligamentsw

what is the classification of the interchondral joint? What are the supporting ligaments?

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial ) joint

anterior/posterior interchondral ligaments

where are interchondral joints located (TQ)

between 5th-7th costal cartilages

the manubriosternal joint forms the ____________ of ___________

angle of Louis

which ribs participate in the sternocostal joint?

only ribs 1-7

what is the joint classification of the costochondral joint?

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

(remember, hyaline cartilage= synchondrosis)

what is the classification of the interarticular ligament at the second sternocostal joint?

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

What are the true and false ribs?

True: Ribs 1-7, connect directly to sternum

False: ribs 8-12, do not connect directly to sternumw