biology vocabulary

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mechanical digestion

involves chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces

chemical digestion

the breakdowns on large molecules in food into smaller substances by enzymes

amylase

an enzyme found in saliva, begins the process of chemical digestion by breaking down substances into sugars

esophagus

is a muscular tube that consists and connects the pharynx, or throat, to the stomach

peristalsis

rhythmic wavelike muscular contractions that move food throughout the digestive tract

pepsin

an enzyme involved in the process of the chemical digestion of proteins

small intestine

7m in length and is the largest part of the digestive tract

liver

is the largest internal organ at the body and produces bile, which helps to break down fats

villus

fingerlike structure through which most nutrients are absorbed from within the small intestine

large intestine

the end portion of the digestive tract

nutrition

is the process by which a person takes in and uses food

calorie

is the unit used to measure the energy content of foods

vitamins

are organic compounds that are need in small amounts for metabolism

minerals

are inorganic compounds used by the body as building materials, and they are involved with metabolic functions

endocrine functions

produce hormone, which are released into the bloodstream and distributed to the body cells

hormone

is a substance that acts on certain target cells and tissue to produce a specific response

pituitary gland

secrets hormones that not only regulate many body functions but also regulates other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, testes and the ovaries

thyroxine

does not act on specific organs, rather, it causes cells of the body to have a higher rate of metabolism

calcitonin

is a hormones that is partly responsible for the regulation of calcium and important mineral for bone formation, blood clothing, nerve function, and muscle contraction

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the bones to release calcium

insulin

signals body cells, especially liver and muscle cells, to accelerate the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which is stored in the liver

aldosterone

primarily affects the kidneys and is important for reabsorbing sodium

cortisol

another glucocorticoid, raises glucose levels and also reduces inflammation

antidiuretic hormone

functions in homeostasis by regulating water balance

seminiferous tubule

tubule of testes in which sperm develop

epididymis

a structure located on top of each tests where sperm mature and are stored

vas deferens

a duct leading aways from the testis

urethra

the tube that carries both semen and urine outside of the body though the penis

semen

refers to the fluid that contains sperm and other fluid from the male reproductive glands

puberty

the period of growth when sexual maturity is reached

oocytes

which are inmature eggs

menstrual cycle

the events that take place each month in the human female to help prepare the female body for pregnancy

polar body

the smaller of the two structures

morula

a solid ball of cells

blastocyst

a hollow ball of cells

amniotic fluid

protects, cushions, and insulates the embryo

labor

this is beginning of the birthing process

dilation

another sign that the baby is going to be born

expulsion stage

birthing stage during which a baby travels through the birth canal and exits the mother’s body

placental stage

this is the birthing stage

adolescence

which began with puberty and ends at adulthood

infancy

the two first years of life

adulthood

at the end of adolescence, physical growth is complete, marking the beginning of

FDA list

1. name of the food

2. net weight

3. name and address of manufacture

4. ingredients

5. nutrient content