A&P Exam 2

Epithelial Tissue

Covers and lines surfaces, classified by arrangement (simple, stratified, pseudostratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Connective Tissue

Supports, connects, and protects; characterized by a rich extracellular matrix (ECM), with cells such as fibroblasts and mast cells.

Muscle Tissue

Responsible for producing movement.

Nervous Tissue

Sends and processes signals.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Nonliving substance that provides support in tissues, varying in abundance between different tissue types.

Collagen Fibers

Strong fibers that resist tension, found in tendons and ligaments.

Reticular Fibers

Thin fibers forming a supportive meshwork, found in lymph nodes and the spleen.

Elastic Fibers

Fibers that stretch and recoil, located in skin, arteries, and lungs.

Tight Junctions

Seals between cells that prevent passage of materials, found in intestines.

Desmosomes

Strong cellular connections that allow for some stretching, found in skin.

Gap Junctions

Tunnels that allow communication between cells, found in heart muscle cells.

Melanin

Pigment produced by melanocytes that protects skin from UV damage.

Adipocyte

Fat cell that stores energy in the form of fat.

Chondroblasts

Cells that produce cartilage.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for forming new bone.

Synovial Membranes

Lines joints and produces synovial fluid for lubrication.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most common type of skin cancer, typically slow-growing.

Malignant Melanoma

The deadliest form of skin cancer that spreads quickly.

Longitudinal Growth

Process of bone elongation that occurs at growth plates.

Appositional Growth

Process of bone thickening that continues throughout life.

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Hormone that raises blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin

Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

Compound Fracture

A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.

Simple Fracture

A fracture where the bone stays inside the skin.

Simple Epithelium

Single layer of epithelial cells.

Stratified Epithelium

Multiple layers of epithelial cells.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Appears layered but isn't; a type of epithelium.

Squamous Cells

Flat-shaped epithelial cells.

Cuboidal Cells

Cubelike epithelial cells.

Columnar Cells

Tall epithelial cells.

Keratin

Protein that strengthens epithelial cells; found in skin.

Mucus

Substance that provides lubrication and protection, found in respiratory tract.

Mast Cells

Cells involved in immune response in connective tissue.

Phagocyte

Immune cell that eats bacteria.

Hypercellular Obesity

Condition with more fat cells.

Hypertrophic Obesity

Condition with larger fat cells.

Chondroblasts

Cells that make cartilage.

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells.

Perichondrium

Tissue that surrounds cartilage.

Synovial Membranes

Membranelike structures found in joints.

Mucous Membranes

True membranes that line body cavities open to the outside.

Serous Membranes

Membranes that can become inflamed; involved in friction rub.

Stratum Corneum

Outer layer of dead, flat cells in the epidermis.

Stratum Lucidum

Layer of skin found only in thick skin.

Stratum Granulosum

Waterproofing layer in the epidermis.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of the epidermis providing strength and flexibility.

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis where new cells form.

Papillary Layer

Thin dermis layer with capillaries for nutrients and temperature regulation.

Reticular Layer

Thick dermis layer containing sensory structures and glands.

Melanin

Pigment produced in melanocytes that protects against UV damage.

Cyanosis

Blue skin due to lack of oxygen.

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Glands for cooling found all over the body, mostly in palms and soles.

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Glands that produce smelly sweat, primarily in armpits and groin.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that produce oil (sebum); related to acne.

Second Degree Burn

Burn that damages nerves but does not fully destroy skin.

Third Degree Burn

Burn that destroys the entire skin layer and requires grafts.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Most common, slow-growing type of skin cancer.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

More aggressive but treatable type of skin cancer.

Malignant Melanoma

Deadliest form of skin cancer, spreads quickly.

Functions of Skeletal System

Support, movement, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage.

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

Ends of a long bone.

Sharpey’s Fibers

Connect periosteum to bone.

Lacuna

Small space in bone matrix containing an osteocyte.

Haversian Canal

Passage for blood vessels in compact bone.

Osteoblasts

Cells that make bone extracellular matrix.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone formation from embryonic tissue.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation from cartilage.

Longitudinal Growth

Lengthening of bones.

Appositional Growth

Thickening of bones, which continues for life.

Growth Hormone

Hormone that increases bone length.

Testosterone

Hormone that increases bone density.

Estrogen

Hormone that speeds up growth plate closure.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that raises blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin

Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

Simple Fracture

Fracture where bone remains inside the skin.

Compound Fracture

Fracture where bone breaks through the skin.

Hematoma

Blood clot that forms after a fracture.

Soft Callus

Cartilage that forms after a fracture.

Hard Callus

Bone that replaces cartilage during fracture healing.

Synarthroses

Joints that permit no movement.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints.

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint with an interosseous membrane.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid that lubricates and nourishes joints.

Ligaments

Tissues that connect bone to bone.

Tendons

Tissues that connect muscle to bone.

Arthritis

Inflammation of the joints.

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa.

Dislocations

Injury where bones are forced out of their normal position.

Uniaxial Joint

Joint allowing movement in one plane, e.g., elbow.

Multiaxial Joint

Joint allowing movement in multiple planes, e.g., shoulder.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

External Rotation

Rotation of a limb outward.

Elevation

Lifting a body part, such as a shrug.

Supination

Rotation that turns the palm upward.

Stability vs. Flexibility

More stability generally means less flexibility.

Fibroblasts

Cells in connective tissue that produce fibers and play a role in the healing process.