Quiz Questions Evolution of Human Brain EBH 316

d. .67

If we do not account for a possible difference in the brain-to-body scaling coefficients among different groups of mammals, what would the mammalian brain-to-body scaling coefficient be?

c. 66

The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately ____ millions of years ago, influenced the massive radiation of mammals on Earth.

a. Smaller mammals have proportionately larger brains.

Examining a range of mammal species of varying body sizes, what trend would be found regarding brain size?

d. Allometry

You compare 100 species of mammals and find that brain size increases disproportionately with body size. Which principle describes how brain size and body size have evolved in relation to one another?

b. The ratio of actual brain mass to the expected brain mass for an animal of a given body size.

The encephalization quotient is:

a. Stabilization of energy inputs and a redirection of energy from locomotion, growth, and reproduction.

Human encephalization was made possible by a combination of:

c. "Clever foraging hypothesis"

The ____ suggests that encephalization of species determine the degree of their foraging behavior (strategically vs. opportunistically).

e. allomaternal care

A great evolutionary advantage to increase the amount of net energy input during human brain evolution was ____ .

c. Primary sulcus : parietal

The ____ is the boundary between the frontal and ____ lobes.

d. 6

Most of the human neocortex is composed of __ layers of cells.

b. Insula

Which of the following lobes of the cerebral cortex is hidden from surface view by the other four?

b. hypothalamus

The ____ is/are the area of the brain responsible for the control of hormones in the body.

a. Projection neurons

What type of neuron connects distant areas of the brain?

c. Rhombencephalon, Mesencephalon, Prosencephalon

There are three major subdivisions of the brain that are differentiated from the neural tube. These are:

c.Relative brain size

Out of all mammalian species, humans have the highest:

d. Harvest mice have a higher percentage of the ratio brain : body than blue whales.

The brain to body scaling assumes that...

e. Squirrels.

The 'ancestral' condition of mammals is a 'grade' that has persisted through time and is still present in extant species such as

b. develops for a longer time | larger

The concerted hypothesis assumes that a brain structure that ____ is ____ .

d. 8 times larger

The prefrontal cortex in humans has massively expanded through evolutionary time. How much larger is that change in relative size in relation to other primates (non-Great Apes)?

e. Great apes, dolphins, and pinnipeds

The evolution of the lateral cerebellum has evidenced cases of convergent evolution in ____ .

c. happens as an adaptation to behavioral selective pressures | primarily involves changes in brain region sizes

According to the mosaic hypothesis, change in brain evolution ____ , and ____ .

e. The order of development of different brain regions does not change across species.

A lack of sequence heterochrony in neurodevelopmental schedules means that:

Prefrontal cortex

Which human brain region matures latest in life:

a. Environmental pressures

The mosaic hypothesis suggests a more direct link between ____ and the sizes of specific brain regions than the concerted hypothesis.

d. Variation in the internal composition of the brain can be regarded as the result of selective pressures acting separately on individual brain regions.

Which of the following statements does NOT conform with the concerted hypothesis of brain evolution?

c. The neurodevelopmental schedule

According to supporters of the concerted hypothesis, the differential evolution of brain structures is constrained by:

e. Hypermetric/ positive allometry

In a species of lemur, the neocortex represents about 50% of the entire brain. In the larger-brained chimpanzee, the neocortex represents about 80% of the entire brain.
The type of scaling relationship that explains these differences in the neocortex size compared to the size of the rest of the brain is ____ .

b. The neocortex, the latest brain region to develop, displays the greatest range of variation in size across species.

Which of the following examples would NOT be used to support the mosaic hypothesis?

b. in addition to bonding with reproductive partners, primates also bond with individuals that are not

How do primates differ from other mammals in terms of pairbonding?

b. Appropriate to the amount of information processing involved in performing the function.

The "principle of proper mass" states that the mass of neural tissue controlling a particular function is:

c.
Brain regions that develop later in ontogeny, will be disproportionately larger across species.

In the context of brain region evolution, 'late equals large' means that:

c.
Those brain regions that are born later have a higher proportionality with overall brain size.

Which of the following statements is true about the developmental scheduling of brain region birth?

c. a three-dimensional visualization of the predicted consequences of diverse hits by a hammerstone

Regarding stone flaking, a uniquely human cognitive specialization is ____ .

d. Theory of mind

____ is defined as the capacity to understand people by attributing mental states to them.

e. posterior cerebellum

In humans, the motor coordination attributed to handedness is mediated by the ____ .

d. Phylogenetic segregation.

The lemno-thalamus is an example of an ancestral homogenous region evolving into multiple distinct regions. This is most specifically called:

b. lamination

The organization of a brain region into parallel layers, which minimizes the lengths of neuronal connections, is called:

e. Both b and c.

Which of the following explains why lamination evolved?

c. Phylogenetic addition.

Which of the following means of novel brain region development should be considered only when all alternative means have been eliminated and when all other homologous regions have been accounted for?

c. 52

Following the work of Brodmann, the human brain possesses ________ different areas.
a. 6
b. 15
c. 52
d. 124
e. more than 5000

d. The hypothesis of 'organizing centers'

____ describes the process in which new cortical areas develop adjacent to existing areas that share a similar function.

c. Epigenetic cascade

When an animal gets blinded during early development it will develop abnormally small retinal targets and visual cortices.

e. Deacon's rule

____ establishes that the more amount of axons a determined brain structure sends to a target, the higher the probability the brain structure has that it will connect to the target.

a. Connectional invasion

Which of the following describes the phylogenetic appearance of projections to targets that did not ancestrally receive homologous inputs:

c. Neocorticalization.

Research on cerebral lesions has found that animals whose neocortex is larger take relatively more time to recover.
This is an effect of which phenomenon in brain evolution?

b. parcellation

The rubrospinal system in cats is a perfect example of ____ .

d. phylogenetic segregation

According to the parcellation hypothesis, brains gain complexity exclusively by ____ .

e. dorsal pallium

Which brain structure in amphibians is homologous to the neocortex in mammals?

c. Brain structure size

When determining whether a given structure is homologous across species, which of the following is NOT used in initial character identification?

c. Amphibians, birds, and reptiles all have high visual capacities compared to early mammals.

Which statement about sensory capacities of early mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians is TRUE?

b. Axonal connections enter the cortex radially.

Which cytoarchitectural feature of the brain is unique in mammals?

b. Increased several times independently among vertebrates.

The capacity for intelligent behavior likely ____ .

b. It did not possess a postdentary trough.

How does Hadrocodium (a fossil of an early true mammal) differ from confirmed protomammals?

e. neocortex

In mammals, the striatum started receiving more input from the ____ .

e. The Wulst.

What is the brain structure in birds that is homologous to the dorsal cortex in reptiles?

e. embryonic development

What does the Claustro-Amygdala hypothesis consider as the most reliable indicator of homology to explain the DVR homology in mammals?

e. Arboreal, nocturnal, and had large, forward facing eyes.

Early primates were:

c. superior colliculi

Regarding the parcellation of functions of the specialized primate visual system, we can say that the ____ targets to extrastriate areas in a relatively exclusive way.

e. Hearing and chewing are functionally coupled.

Which of the following was NOT a mammalian innovation for hearing?

c. visual dorsal stream

The ____ in primates is crucial for specific types of sensorimotor computations, such as fine motor coordination with their fingertips and head-centered movements.

d. The amphibian dorsal pallium is a likely ancestral condition for both mammals and sauropsids.

Which of the following statements about the evolutionary history of the amphibian dorsal pallium is most likely true?

d.The embryonic location of the DVR is the same as that of the mammalian claustro-amygdalar complex.

Which of the following does NOT provide support for the neocortical DVR hypothesis?

e. dorsal pulvinar

Which of the following areas is unique to primates, is part of the thalamus and connects with the dorsolateral prefrontal, the posterior parietal, and the inferior temporal cortex?

c. It carries information linked to hindlimb movements.

What of the following statements about the Ventral Premotor area is FALSE?

b. All areas of the prefrontal cortex are unique to primates.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

d. The brain connectivity patterns in strepsirrhines are different from anthropoids.

Given that the relationship between changes in brain size and reorganization is not straightforward. What of the following statements is FALSE?

b. movement | object identification

In primates, there are two pathways of visual information processing; the dorsal stream, which processes information related to ____ , and the ventral stream, which processes information related to ____ .

a. Both orbital prefrontal and anterior cingulate.

Which of the following regions are responsible for the 'emotional' aspects of decision making?

e. Ventral premotor area.

Which of the following areas is specialized in prehensive movements of the mouth and hand, such as precision and whole-hand grip?

a.Because it is associated with automating cortical information processing.

Why is the cerebellum a crucial component of the learning mechanisms in animals?

a. Primates only.

Which taxa possess nine premotor areas; such as is found in humans?

c. Experience → Lateral cerebellum

Which of the following behavioral requirements of stone tool making is matched with the appropriate underlying brain region?

e. The sequential updating of internal models expressed as 'rule-based' decision-making.

A crucial executive function mediated by the cerebellum is:

e. The integration of various mental models with external stimuli and self-generated goals.

Formation of an internal model in the cerebellum is based on:

is relatively higher in the association areas of the cortex
is a product of the tension of axons during their

According to the 'Gray matter' model, cortical folding ____ .
is divided in a 1.5 GI threshold into two groups across mammals

a.Ventral stream.

Which of the following pathways or brain regions, linked to visual object identification, likely contributed to the evolution of human language?

e. during the late stages of neurodevelopment, and once the buckling stability point has passed, the outer cortical plate buckles and expands in a tangential way

The radial intercalation hypothesis suggests that ____ .

c. Forward models create a representation of the expected consequences of a received motor command.

Which of the following best describes the forward models of the cerebellum's sensorimotor function?

e. Axonal tension hypothesis.

Which of the following hypotheses/models proposes that the migration of axons and the tension they produce in the cortical sheet is the main cause of cortical folding?

e. subventricular zone

The ____ is a secondary proliferative zone containing progenitor cells, and a fundamental location in the development of gyrification.

Comprehend emotional states which are essential for social learning and empathy.

Jonathan Keleher, one of the handful of people who have lived without a cerebellum, is not able to:

The harmonized, fluent, and automated execution of verbal motor plans.

How does the cerebellum contribute to human's ability to speak a language?

e. posterior parietal cortex

While the prefrontal cortex is necessary for the manipulation of order information in memory, the ____ deals with its maintenance.

b. considering alternative options to decide.

Regarding the decision-making process during foraging, the prefrontal cortex allows:

d. The larger the area in the neocortex, the larger the area in the cerebellum that connects to it.

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between areas in the cerebellum and the areas of the neocortex that they are connected with?

b. relative metrics

Diverse foraging strategies to exploit complex and changing environments need the incorporation of ____, like temporal order and numerosity.

a. apply symbolic representations to certain categories, such as 'same' and 'different'.

Chimpanzees are able to:

e. the production of several errors during changes in situational conditions

A limitation of the reinforcement learning by the ancestral system is ____.
An evolutionary adaptation, based on relational learning, allowed certain clades of species, such as anthropoid primates, to overcome that limitation.

b. the elaboration of relations among relations.

Considering the evolution of reasoning, human unique specialization lies in:

c. Intra-parietal sulcus

In humans, spatial processing and number estimation overlap almost as if numbers are spatially arranged along a 'mental' number line. Which area of the brain has a strong functional coupling between numbers and space and is activated when humans estimate numbers?

a. The Arcuate fasciculus.

What is the circuitry that connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

e. In monkeys, cortical motor areas are directly connected with the hypoglossal nucleus.

What of the following statements about the hypoglossal nucleus is NOT true?

a. The ability of cumulative learning and the expansion of relative metrics to the social realm.

What is a unique characteristic of human intelligence that produced the elaboration of the societies we know?

e. Following the gaze and directional gestures of others.

What are the behavioral consequences of joint attention?

a. Visual cues of the mouth incorporated gradually auditory elements, such as teeth chattering and lip-smacking.

What is the main hypothesis for the origin of language?

b. Damage to the anterior cingulate cortex.

What would cause disruptions in the production of spontaneous calls in monkeys?

c. it assesses the costs and benefits of our actions.

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is crucial for moral judgment because:

we predict events and develop causation relationships about mental states.

The simulation theory indicates that we understand actions by simulating them, while the theory-theory suggests that:

a. Cingulate cortex.

What is the cortical area fundamental for inferring the mental state of others that exhibits an anteroposterior gradient regarding how abstract a concept is?

e. Hippocampus, lateral temporal, and lateral parietal.

What areas of the human brain, besides the medial prefrontal cortex, are activated when we imagine future events?