3.2 - The Seven Years' War

Which three powers broke out in a series of wars in the late 17th century?

Great Britain, France, and Spain

Where did wars between Great Britain, France, and Spain occur?

Europe, India, and North America

Most valuable possessions in late 17th century

Sugar producing islands in the Caribbean Sea and the fur-trading network with American Indians

King William's War (X-X)

(1689-1697)

What happened in King William's War?

The British launched expeditions to capture Quebec from the French, but failed

Who did American Indians support in King William's War?

French

How did American Indians support the French in King William's War?

THey burned down British frontier settlements

Queen Anne's War (X-X)

(1702-1713)

Who had more success in Queen Anne's War?

The British

What did the British gain in Queen Anne's War?

Nova Scotia from France and trading rights in Spanish America

King George's War (X-X)

(1744-1748)

Who was King George's War named after?

George II

What happened in King George's War? (Georgia)

James Oglethorpe led a colonial army that repulsed Spanish attacks.

What happened in King George's War? (New England)

Captured Louisbourg in Canada, a major French fortress that controlled access to the St. Lawrence River

What was the peace treaty that ended King George's War?

Britain returned Louisbourg to the French in exchange for political and economic gains in India

Why were New Englanders mad?

The fought hard to win the war

T or F: European powers saw little value in committing regular troops to america.

True

Why was there a sudden realization that deployment in the colonies was of great importance?

Raw materials had great value, fur-trade

Final war in the series of conflicts

Seven Years' War

North American phase of Seven Years' War

French and Indian War

How did the French supposedly start the war?

French built a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley

Why did the French build a bunch of forts in the Ohio River Valley?

Halt westward growth of British colonies

Who sent a small militia to Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg) to win control of the Ohio River Valley?

Governor of Virginia

Who led the small militia to the Ohio River Valley?

Colonel George Washington

T or F: The French had brutal control over the Ohio River Valley and at no point did the colonists have victory

F, they had an initial small victory

Were the British doing well at the start of the war?

No. It was going badly

Give another example other than George Washington of expeditions from Virginia during the Seven Years' War

General Edward Braddock led and ended in a disastrous defeat of British regulars and colonial troops

Which American Indian allies ravaged the frontier from western Pennsylvania to North Carolina?

Algonquin

The French repulsed a British invasion of ______ ______ that began in 1756.

French Canada

The Albany Plan of Union

Recognizing the need for coordinating

colonial defense, the British government had called for representatives from

several colonies to meet in a congress at Albany, New York, in 1754

How many colonies were involved in the Albany plan of Union?

seven

What did the delegates from the seven colonies agree to?

Intercolonial government and system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for common defense

How developed the Albany Plan of Union?

Benjamin Franklin that provided for an intercolonial

Why was the Albany Plan of Union never adopted?

Each colony was too concerned about preserving its own taxation powers to accept the plan,

Even though the Albany Plan of Union did not work, what was the benefit of the congress assembled?

because it set a precedent for later, more revolutionary, congresses in the 1770s

Which British prime minister concentrated the government's military strategy on conquering Canada?

William Pitt

What did William Pitt succeed at in 1758, 1759, 1760 respectively ?

retook Louisbourg and surrendered Quebec to General James Wolfe, took Montreal

After British victories, the European powers negotiated a peace treaty named what in 1763?

the Peace of Paris

What did Great Britain acquire from Peace of Paris?

both French Canada and Spanish Florida.

What did Spain gain in compensation for the loss of Florida?

France gave up Louisiana (territory west of the Mississippi River) to Spain

What was the result of the war?

the British extended their control of North America, and French power on the continent pretty much ended

Why was Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War, a turning point?

It gave Great Britain unchallenged supremacy among Europeans in North America, It challenged the autonomy of many American Indians, It established the British as the dominant naval power in the world, It meant that the American colonies no longer faced the threat of concerted attacks from the French, the Spanish, and their American Indian allies

How did the British view colonial armed forces?

low opinion of the colonial military abilities; they were poorly trained, colonies refused to contribute money or troops in war effort, thought they were unable and unwilling to defend new frontiers

How did The Colonials view on their military performance?

They were proud of their record in all four wars and developed confidence that they could successfully provide for their own defense. They were not impressed with the British troops or leadership, as their methods of warfare seemed badly suited to the densely wooded terrain of eastern America.

What was the shift in British control after the war?

Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and had not enforced its navigation acts regulating colonial trade, now they abandoned salutary neglect and adopted more forceful policies

NOTE: The series of wars, especially the fourth and final, was very costly.

NOTE: The series of wars, especially the fourth and final, was very costly.

NOTE: Britain now felt the need to maintain a large British military force to guard its American frontiers

NOTE: Britain now felt the need to maintain a large British military force to guard its American frontiers.

What was the British landowner concern for taxes?

pressure was building to reduce the heavy taxes that the government had levied to fund the colonial wars.

What did King George III do to guard the frontier without increasing taxes at home?

wanted the American colonies to bear more of the cost of maintaining

the British empire

The first major test of the new British imperial policy

In 1763, Chief Pontiac led an attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier.

Why were the American Indians angered in Pontiac's Rebellion? (2 reasons)

(1) by the growing westward movement of European settlers onto their land, (2) and by the British refusal to offer gifts as the French had done

What did Pontiac's alliance of American Indians in the Ohio River Valley do?

destroyed forts and settlements from New York to Virginia.

What did the British do in response?

Rather than relying on colonial forces to retaliate, the British sent regular British troops to put down the uprising

In an effort to stabilize the western frontier, the British government issued a proclamation that ________

prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

What did the British hope limiting settlements would do?

they would prevent future hostilities between colonists and American Indians

How did colonists react to the proclamation?

with anger and defiance.

After the British victory in the Seven Years' War, colonists hoped to reap benefits in the form of ______.

access to western lands

How did colonists protest the Proclamation of 1763?

thousands streamed westward past the imaginary boundary line drawn by the British

Main issues debated between Great Britain and its North American colonies.

taxation and representation.