Post-Civil War Expansion and Reform Movements (1865-1898)

Homestead Act

1862 law offering 160 acres of land cheaply.

Pacific Railway Act

1862 act funding the Transcontinental Railroad.

Mining Industry

Economic sector focused on extracting minerals.

Cattle Industry

Economic sector involving raising cattle for profit.

Government Support

Federal assistance for westward expansion.

Native American Reservations

Designated areas for Native American tribes.

Conservationist Movement

Efforts to protect natural resources from exploitation.

Department of the Interior

Agency managing federal lands and resources.

U.S. Fish Commission

Established in 1871 to prevent overfishing.

John Muir

Founder of the Sierra Club advocating preservation.

Sand Creek Massacre

1864 attack killing over 100 Native Americans.

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876 conflict where Sioux defeated Custer's forces.

Ghost Dance Movement

Cultural revival aiming for buffalo return.

Wounded Knee Massacre

1890 event ending Native American resistance.

Dawes Act

intended to end tribal ownership of land

Boarding Schools

Institutions enforcing Native American assimilation.

Industrialization

Transition to mass production and new technologies.

Social Darwinism

Ideology justifying wealth inequality as natural.

Laissez-faire

Economic principle opposing government intervention.

Knights of Labor

Inclusive labor union founded in 1869.

American Federation of Labor

Union focusing on skilled workers' rights.

Grange Movement

Farmers' organization evolving into political action.

Populist Party

Political party advocating for farmers' rights.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law outlawing monopolistic practices.

Immigration Restrictions

Policies limiting entry of certain immigrant groups.

Political Machines

Corrupt organizations manipulating electoral outcomes.

Horizontal integration

Controlling all competition in a particular industry.

Vertical Integration

Control all aspects of manufacturing.

Social Darwinism

Business leaders defended their beliefs with this.

Homestead Strike

Workers at Carnegie’s steel plant are defeated.

Pullman Strike

President Cleveland uses army and court to defeat strike.

Munn V. Illinois

Ruled states regulate railroads.

Wabash Case

Overturned Munn V. Illinois

Interstate Commerce Act

Regulate trade between states.

American Protective Association

Anti-catholic from Protestants

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie- Belief that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help out the less fortunate.

Booker T. Washington

Said blacks should acquire vocational skills- Established Tuskegee Institute.