Anatomical Kinesiology-EXAM 2

What are the four functions of the foot and ankle complex?

Provides a broad base of support with minimal energy expenditure, accommodates uneven surfaces during upright posture and gait, absorbs shock at ground contact during gait, and provides a rigid lever for ground reaction force to allow efficient propulsion.

What bones make up the hindfoot?

Talus and calcaneus.

What bones make up the midfoot?

Navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms.

What bones make up the forefoot?

Metatarsals and phalanges.

What are the characteristics of the tibia?

Medial bone; larger of the two lower leg bones; primary weight

What are the characteristics of the fibula?

Lateral bone; smaller than tibia; minimal role in weight bearing; articulates proximally with femur and tibia and distally with talus and tibia.

What joints are included in the foot and ankle complex?

Tibiofibular, talocrural, subtalar, transverse tarsal, intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, and phalangeal joints.

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Synovial plane joint.

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

Fibrous syndesmosis joint.

How many degrees of freedom do the tibiofibular joints have?

Zero degrees of freedom.

What is the function of the tibiofibular joints?

Allow slight changes in mortise width and promote ankle stability.

What ligaments stabilize the distal tibiofibular joint?

Anterior tibiofibular ligament, posterior tibiofibular ligament, transverse tibiofibular ligament, and the interosseous membrane.

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

Synovial hinge joint.

What structures form the mortise of the ankle?

Distal tibia and distal fibula articulating with the talus.

How many degrees of freedom does the talocrural joint have?

One degree of freedom.

What motions occur at the talocrural joint?

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

Why is the talocrural joint considered the most congruent joint in the human body?

Because the talus fits securely within the tibiofibular mortise.

What ligaments make up the medial (deltoid) collateral ligament complex?

Anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal, and tibionavicular ligaments.

What motion does the deltoid ligament resist?

Eversion.

What ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligament complex?

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL).

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

Synovial plane joint.

What bones articulate at the subtalar joint?

Talus and calcaneus.

How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint have?

One degree of freedom.

What motions occur at the subtalar joint?

Inversion and eversion.

What is another name for the transverse tarsal joint?

Chopart joint.

What two joints make up the transverse tarsal joint?

Talonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint.

What is the function of the transverse tarsal joint?

Assists inversion and eversion of the subtalar joint and increases foot mobility.

What are intertarsal joints?

Articulations between the tarsal bones.

What joints are included in the intertarsal joints?

Talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, cuneonavicular, cuboidonavicular, and intercuneiform joints.

What type of joint are the tarsometatarsal joints?

Plane joints.

What bones articulate at the tarsometatarsal joints?

Tarsal bones and metatarsals.

What is the function of the tarsometatarsal joints?

Connect the midfoot to the forefoot, support the arches, and transfer weight

How many metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints are there and how are they numbered?

Five joints, numbered starting at the great toe.

What is the function of the MTP joints?

Allow toe flexion and extension, assist with toe

What are the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints?

Joints that flex and extend the toes (not present in the great toe).

What are the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints?

Joints that flex and extend the toes (not present in the great toe).

What is different about the great toe’s phalangeal joint?

It has only one interphalangeal joint.

What are the three arches of the foot?

Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arches.

What structures maintain the arches of the foot?

Shape of the tarsal and metatarsal bones, ligaments, and muscles.

How are feet classified based on arch height?

Normal, high arch (pes cavus), and low arch (pes planus).

What is pes cavus?

High

What causes pes cavus?

Congenital factors or neurological disorders.

What are symptoms of pes cavus?

General foot pain, rigid tarsal motion, and callus formation due to faulty weight distribution.

What is pes planus?

Flat

What causes pes planus?

Weak supportive tissue, ligament laxity, or postural abnormalities.

What are symptoms of pes planus?

Tired and tender feeling in the arch and heel.

What are the functions of the plantar arches?

Load absorption, adaptation to changes in support surface, weight distribution, and shock absorption.

How does subtalar inversion and eversion relate to varus and valgus?

Inversion leads to calcaneovarus and eversion leads to calcaneovalgus.

What is calcaneovarus?

Inverted calcaneus.

What is calcaneovalgus?

Everted calcaneus.

What are the three types of ankle sprains?

Lateral, medial, and high (syndesmotic).

What is the mechanism of a lateral ankle sprain?

Combination of plantarflexion and inversion.

Approximately how many lateral ankle sprains occur annually in the US?

About 2 million.

What is another name for a high ankle sprain?

Syndesmotic ankle sprain.

What causes a high ankle sprain?

Forced dorsiflexion.

What structures are injured in a high ankle sprain?

Anterior tibiofibular ligament and/or interosseous membrane.

Why are high ankle sprains difficult to treat?

Because they involve the syndesmosis and compromise ankle stability.

Why are medial ankle sprains uncommon?

Due to the strong structural nature of the deltoid ligament.

Why are medial ankle sprains often more severe?

High risk of associated injuries such as fractures and more complex healing.

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius, and extensor digitorum longus.

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment?

Deep peroneal nerve.

What blood supply serves the anterior compartment?

Anterior tibial artery and vein.

What is anterior compartment syndrome?

Increased pressure within the anterior compartment.

What causes anterior compartment syndrome?

Direct blow to the anterolateral tibia or prolonged activity.

What are the symptoms of anterior compartment syndrome?

Pain, pressure, paresthesia, pallor, and passive stretch pain.

What muscles are in the lateral compartment?

Peroneus (fibularis) longus and peroneus (fibularis) brevis.

What actions do the lateral compartment muscles perform?

Plantarflexion and eversion.

What nerve supplies the lateral compartment?

Superficial peroneal nerve.

What blood supply serves the lateral compartment?

Peroneal artery and vein.

What muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment?

Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris.

What muscles are in the deep posterior compartment?

Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum longus.

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment?

Tibial nerve.

What blood supply serves the posterior compartment?

Posterior tibial artery and vein.

What are the origins of the gastrocnemius?

Medial head: posterior medial femoral condyle; lateral head: posterior lateral femoral condyle.

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?

Posterior calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.

What nerve innervates the gastrocnemius?

Tibial nerve (S1, S2).

What is the origin of the soleus?

Posterior surface of the tibia and fibula.

What is the insertion of the soleus?

Posterior calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.

What nerve innervates the soleus?

Tibial nerve (S1, S2).

What is the origin of the plantaris?

Lateral supracondylar line of the femur and oblique popliteal ligament.

What is the insertion of the plantaris?

Posterior calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.

What nerve innervates the plantaris?

Tibial nerve (S1, S2).

What is the origin of tibialis anterior?

Upper 2/3 of the lateral tibia.

What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?

Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal.

What nerve innervates tibialis anterior?

Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1).

What is the origin of tibialis posterior?

Posterior interosseous membrane and posterior tibia and fibula.

What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?

Navicular, cuneiforms, and bases of 2nd–5th metatarsals.

What nerve innervates tibialis posterior?

Tibial nerve (L5, S1).

What is the origin of peroneus longus?

Head and upper 2/3 of the lateral fibula.

What is the insertion of peroneus longus?

Plantar surface of medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal.

What nerve innervates peroneus longus?

Superficial peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1).

What is the origin of peroneus brevis?

Lower 2/3 of the lateral fibula.

What is the insertion of peroneus brevis?

Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal.

What nerve innervates peroneus brevis?

Superficial peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1).

What is the origin of peroneus tertius?

Distal 1/3 of anterior fibula.

What is the insertion of peroneus tertius?

Base of 5th metatarsal.

What nerve innervates peroneus tertius?

Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1).

What is the origin of flexor digitorum longus?

Middle 1/3 of posterior tibia.

What is the insertion of flexor digitorum longus?

Distal phalanges of toes 2–5.

What nerve innervates flexor digitorum longus?

Tibial nerve (L5, S1).