PSYC101-fall2024-AB3-FinalRev_1_

What is the role of culture in learning?

Culture influences learning processes by shaping values, beliefs, and practices that affect how individuals acquire knowledge.

What is sensitization in learning?

Sensitization is an increased response to a stimulus after a repeated exposure, leading to heightened emotional or physical reactions.

Define behaviourism and its key features.

Behaviourism is a psychological perspective that focuses on observable behaviors and the role of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior.

What are the basic components of classical conditioning?

The basic components include unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR).

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

Extinction occurs when a conditioned response diminishes or disappears after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments, while classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response with a stimulus.

What are the types of reinforcers in operant conditioning?

Primary reinforcers (biological needs), secondary reinforcers (conditioned), positive reinforcers, and negative reinforcers.

Describe reinforcement schedules and their strengths/weaknesses.

Reinforcement schedules dictate how often a behavior is reinforced, including fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval, each having different effects on behavior persistence.

Define observational learning.

Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behaviors of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.

What are flashbulb memories?

Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed recollections of emotionally significant events.

Describe the Modal Model of Memory.

The Modal Model of Memory includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, describing how information flows through these stages.

What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?

Bottom-up processing relies on sensory input to form perceptions, while top-down processing uses prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.

Define dual coding theory.

Dual coding theory posits that information is better remembered when it is encoded both visually and verbally.

What is a circadian rhythm?

A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour cycle in biological processes, influenced by environmental cues like light and temperature.

What is the significance of the SCN in circadian rhythms?

The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) is a group of neurons that regulates circadian rhythms by responding to light signals and maintaining the body’s internal clock.

Define consciousness and its key properties.

Consciousness is the state of being aware of and able to think about one’s own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.

What is drug tolerance?

Drug tolerance is a phenomenon where increased doses of a drug are required to achieve the same effect due to the body's adaptation to the drug.

What is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behaviors.

Define attitudes in psychology.

Attitudes are evaluations or feelings towards a person, object, or idea, which can affect behavior in various contexts.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.

Explain social facilitation effect.

Social facilitation effect is the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others, usually leading to better performance on simple tasks.