Femur, Knee, Leg

14×17

Diagonal use of a _____ inch IR is also an option if the leg is too long to fit lengthwise

Perpendicular to the center of leg

CR of Leg AP Proj.

Lateromedial lateral projection

What is the alternative method for Leg Mediolateral, if the pt cannot be turned from supine position?

45

In Leg AP Oblique proj., the limb is alternately rotated _____ degrees medially and laterally

Medial rotation has max interosseous space between tibia and fibula, while in laterla rotation fibula is superimposed by the lateral portion of tibia

What is the difference of the proper rotation of leg between AP Oblique medial rotation and lateral rotation?

Perpendicular to the midpoint of leg

CR of Leg Lateral

Perpendicular to the center of IR

CR of Leg AP Oblique

Directed to a point 1/2” inferior to the patellar apex

CR of Knee AP

Curved

In Knee AP Proj., if the knee cannot be fully extended, a _____ IR may be used

Medial side

In Knee AP Proj., the patella lies slightly off center to the _________

Directed to an angle of 5-7 degrees to a point 1/2” inferior to the patellar apex

CR of Knee PA Proj.

Tibial plateau

In Knee PA Proj., because the tibia and fibula are slightly inclined, the CR is parallel with the ______

It relaxes the muscles and shows max volume of the jt cavity

In Knee Mediolateral Proj., the flexion of 20-30 degrees is usually preferred because ________________________

To prevent fragment separation in new or unhealed patellar fx

Why is it that the knee should not be flexed more than 10 degrees?

Inferior

In the lateral recumbent position, the medial epicondyle is ______ to the lateral epicondyle

20-30 degrees

In Knee Mediolateral Lateral Proj., the knee is flexed to what angle?

Leach et al.

Who recommended that a bilateral weight-bearing AP projection be routinely included in radiographic examination of arthritic knee?

Bcs study reveals narrowing of a joint space that appears normal on a non-weight-bearing study

Why is it recommended to include knee weight-bearing AP projection in examination of arthritic knee?

Horizontal and perpendicular to the center of IR, entering at a point 1/2” below the apices of patellae

CR of Knee AP weight-bearing

PA weight-bearing (Rosenberg method)

This is useful for evaluating joint space narrowing and showing articular cartilage disease

Directed 1/2” inferior to the patellar apex

CR of Knee AP Oblique (Lateral & Medial Rotation)

Holmblad 1937

The PA Axial or Tunnel Projection was first decribed by ______ in ____

Perpendicular to the lower leg, entering the superior aspect of the popliteal fossa and exiting at level of patellar apex

CR of Intercondylar Fossa PA Axial Proj. (Holmblad Method)

Intercondylar fossa and posteroinferior surfaces of femoral condyles

In the intercondylar fossa PA Axial Proj., what is visualized?

Perpendicular to the long axis of lower leg, entering the popliteal fossa and exiting patellar apex

CR of PA Axial (Camp-Coventry Method)

40 degrees

In AP Axial (Camp-Coventry Method), if the knee is angled 40 degrees, what is the angulation?

Loose bodies (joint mice)

An intercondylar fossa projection is usually included to detect ________

PA Axial (Camp-Coventry Method)

This projection us also used in evaluating split and displaces cartilage in osteochondritis dissecans and flattening, or underdevelopment of the lateral femoral condyle in congenital slipped patella

Perpendicular to the long axis of lower leg, entering the knee joint 1/2” below the patellar apex

CR of Intercondylar Fossa AP Axial (Béclère Method)

To relieve pressure on the patella

In Patella PA Projection, why should we place sandbag under the thigh and leg?

Perpendicular to the midpopliteal area exiting the patella

CR of Patella PA Projection

Bcs of a closer OID

Why does the PA Projection of the patella provides sharper recorded detail than the AP?

40 or 50

In PA Axial Proj. (Camp-Coventry Method), the knee is flexed to a ___ or ___ degree angle

70 degrees

In PA Axial (Holmblad), the knee is flexed ___ from full extension

5-10

In Patella Mediolateral Proj., the knee is flexed in how much degrees?

20-120

The degree of flexion of the knee joint is ranging from ________ degrees

20

Laurin reported that patellar subluxation is easier to show when the knee is flexed in ____ degrees

45

Fodor et al. and Merchant et al. recommended __-degree flexion of the knee

45

Hughston recommended an approximately 55-degree angle with the central ray angled ___ degrees

Merchant et al.

Who stated that relaxation of the quadriceps muscles is reauired to show patellar subluxation?

Patellar subluxation

What is the clinical indication of the tangential projection?

30-90

Merchant reported that the degree of angulation may be varied between ___ to ___ degrees to show various patellofemoral disorders

60

In AP Axial Proj. (Beclere Method), the affected knee is flexed enough to place the long axis of the femur at an angle of ___ degrees to the long axis of the tibia

40

In Tangential (Merchant Method), the angle of knee flexion is adjusted to ____ degrees

A subluxated patella may be pulled back into the intercondylar sulcus, showing a false normal appearance

If the quadriceps femoris are not relaxed, what would happen?

Tangential (Settegast Method)

This projection should not be attempted until a fx has been ruled out or if the patient is in pain

Perpendicular to the joint space between the patella and femoral condyles

CR of Patella & Patellofemoral Joint (Settegast Method)

15-20 degrees

In the Patella and Patellofemoraal Joint Tangential Proj. (Settegast Method), when the jount is not perpendicular, the degree of CR angulation is typically ________

Perpendicular to the center of IR

CR of Lower Limbs (HKA)

Perpendicular to midfemur and the center of IR

CR of Femur AP Projection

Perpendicular to midfemur and center of IR

CR of Femur Lateral

10-15

In Femur AP Proj of the proximal femur, the limb is rotated internally ___ degrees to place the femoral neck in profile

Include on a single image the joint closest to the are of interest

In Femur AP, if the pt is too tall to include the entire femur, what should you do?

Femur Lateral

This position is not recommended for patients with fx or patients who may have destructive disease

HKA AP Projection (weight-bearing method)

This procedure is used to assess lower extremity alignment or discrepancies in leg length