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Bioethics
concerned with questions about
basic human values such as the rights to life and health
rightness or wrongness of certain developments in healthcare institutions, life technology, medicine, and the health professions
society’s responsibility for the life and health of its members
Health ethics
at the core of health care ethics are our sense of right and wrong and our beliefs about right we possess and duties we owe others
Professional ethics
each practitioner, upon entering a profession is invested with the responsibility to adhere to the standards of ethical practice and conduct set by the profession
Types of Ethics
general ethics
applied/special ethics
General Ethics
it teaches that man must do good and avoid evil
it explains the norms with which the moral significance of human act is determined
Applied/special ethics
it demonstrates what is good or evil, and therefore what is to be done or avoided
it is the application of the principles of general ethics into the problems and issues confronting a person on account of his circumstances in life
importance of bioethics to healthcare professionals
protection of life of patients
ensure quality of service delivery
protection from legal sanctions
purpose of bioethics
guides professionals in the conduct of their respective duties
prescribe standard of care to ensure client protection and satisfaction
human act
being the object of study of ethics, are voluntary acts that proceed from free will.
depend on human judgment and choice and hence entail a moral responsibility
the doing or the absence of doing builds the kind of life the person lives
actions done consciously and freely by the agent/ or by man
constituent elements of human acts
knowledge of the act
freedom
voluntariness
natural acts of man
actions beyond one’s consciousness; not dependent on the intellect & will
acts that are performed by men without being master of them through his intellect and will
essential qualities of acts of man
done with knowledge
without consent
involuntary
Ethics
is a field of philosophy that specifically studies human acts in the light of morality and well-defined standars of right and wrong.
comes from the Greek word “ethos” or “ethous” meaning use, custom, way of behaving, character
Latin term “mos” or “moris”
they are natural to humans which confers and develops goodness in them
Moral distress
is a negative experience that occur when that person knows the right way of action but organizational limits would make the execution impossible for him
experienced mental imbalance and negative emotion when the individual makes an ethical decision but is not able to act in line with their decision
eternal law
refers to the plan of divine wisdom leading all creation towards its goal
natural moral law
is the participation in the eternal law by the rational creature
civil law
designed to protect the freedom of the people. the freedom to lead a good life away from harm and evil
designed out of reason and the natural law is the rule of reason, are anchored on natural law.
cultural norms
are a product of time and space-related concern. norms have to consider the living conditions and needs of a particular culture in the context of time and space it is happening
code of ethics
are formal statements of the group’s ideals & values that
is shared by members of the group
reflects their moral judgment overtime
serves as a standard for their professional actions
Model of Moral Behaviour (James Rest)
identified four elements of ethical actions which are psychological processes that occur before moral behavior takes place
4 elements
moral sensitivity (recognition)
moral judgment or reasoning
moral motivation
moral character
nursing ethics
is the applied discipline that studies the ethical dimensions and issues in nursing practice
it is a subset of healthcare ethics
Nursing code of ethics
BON resolution 220 series 2004
provides guidance for carrying out nursing responsibilities consistent with the ethical obligations of the profession
provides guideline for safe and compassionate care
guarantees the public that nurse adheres to standards of professional practice
4 fundamental responsibilities of international council of nurses code of ethics
promote health
prevent illness
restore health
alleviate suffering
critical concern of bioethics
human experimentation
discovery of genetics
organ transplants
the beginning of life and human procreation
end of life issues
Intellect
the faculty of reasoning and understanding objectively, specially with regard to abstract or academic matters
will
the process of power of wishing, choosing, desiring, or intending
freedom
the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
conscience
an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one’s behavior
morality
standards of right and wrong of the action
beliefs
are interpretations or conclusions that people accept as true
values
are enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of an individual, object, idea, or action
Law
the system of rules which a particular country or community recognized as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
Natural Law
system of right or justice held to be common to all humans derived from nature rather than from the rules of society