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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The landmark civil rights legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in various areas, including voting rights, public accommodations, and employment, significantly advancing the civil rights movement in the United States.
14th Amendment
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified in 1868 that establishes citizenship rights and provides for equal protection under the law, prohibiting states from denying any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
15th Amendment
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified in 1870 that prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude,' thus safeguarding voting rights for African American men.
Commerce Clause
A provision found in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution granting Congress the authority to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with the Native American tribes, serving as a crucial foundation for federal economic regulation.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A landmark piece of federal legislation designed to eliminate various barriers to voting for African Americans, particularly in the Southern United States, including literacy tests and other discriminatory practices.
Medgar Evers
A prominent civil rights activist and the first state field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi, whose assassination on June 12, 1963, amplified national awareness and urgency for civil rights legislation.
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
A pivotal event on August 28, 1963, where more than 250,000 people gathered to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans, famously highlighted by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech.
Bloody Sunday
A term that refers to March 7, 1965, when civil rights marchers, who were protesting for voting rights, were violently confronted by law enforcement on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, in a televised incident that galvanized public support for the civil rights movement.
Lyndon Johnson
The 36th President of the United States who served from 1963 to 1969 and played a significant role in the advancement of civil rights legislation, notably the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Malcolm X
An influential African American leader and advocate for black nationalism and self-determination, who, during the Civil Rights Movement, urged African Americans to pursue a more militant approach to achieving equality and justice.
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
A civil rights organization founded in 1957 dedicated to nonviolent protest and coordinated efforts to combat racial segregation and injustice, led by prominent figures including Martin Luther King Jr.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Established in 1909, this is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States, focusing on legal strategies to fight racial discrimination and protect the civil rights of African Americans.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
A pivotal civil rights organization created in 1960 that empowered young people to actively participate in nonviolent protests and voter registration drives, becoming an essential force in the struggle for civil rights.
Freedom Rides
A series of bus trips taken by civil rights activists throughout the segregated southern United States in 1961, designed to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate bus travel.
Little Rock Nine
A group of nine African American students who were the first to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957, facing strong resistance and federal intervention to enforce school desegregation.
Brown v. Board of Education
A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, effectively overturning the 'separate but equal' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Plessy v. Ferguson
A 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legitimizing state laws that enforced segregation until it was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.
Massive Resistance
A strategic campaign by white politicians and citizens in the Southern United States to oppose school desegregation following the Brown v. Board of Education decision, often resulting in the closure of integrated schools.
Jim Crow Laws
A collection of state and local statutes enacted in the Southern United States from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans.
Freedom Summer
A 1964 volunteer campaign launched to increase voter registration among African Americans in Mississippi, which faced considerable violence and resistance but drew national attention to the civil rights movement.
Black Power Movement
A slogan and political movement emerging in the late 1960s advocating for the empowerment and strength of African Americans, emphasizing racial pride, economic independence, and the need for a more aggressive approach to civil rights.
Civil Rights Movement
A nationwide campaign occurring primarily in the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial discrimination and achieving equal rights for African Americans across various spheres of American life.
George Wallace
The Governor of Alabama known for his strong opposition to desegregation and famously declared 'segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever' during his inaugural speech in 1963.
FAIR HOUSING ACT of 1968
Legislation enacted to bar discrimination in housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability, aimed at promoting equitable access to housing.
March on Washington 1963
A significant event marking a key moment in the Civil Rights Movement where approximately 250,000 people gathered to advocate for jobs and freedom, culminating in Martin Luther King Jr.'s influential 'I Have a Dream' speech.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A central figure in the Civil Rights Movement, known for his commitment to nonviolent protest and his powerful speeches advocating for racial equality, justice, and civil disobedience.
Sit-in
A nonviolent protest tactic where participants occupy a space, such as a segregated lunch counter, to challenge segregation laws and practices, drawing national attention to civil rights issues.
Boycotts
A method of protest where individuals or groups collectively refuse to purchase goods or services from a company or country to effect change, often used during the civil rights era to combat Jim Crow laws.
Freedom Schools
Educational programs established during the Freedom Summer of 1964 aimed at teaching African Americans about their rights, U.S. history, and civic engagement in order to foster empowerment through education.
SNCC's Black Power Speech
A speech delivered by Stokely Carmichael in 1966 marking a shift within the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to embrace the concept of Black Power, promoting a more assertive stance toward civil rights advocacy.
Thurgood Marshall
The first African American Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, serving from 1967 to 1991, who was a key architect in the legal strategies that led to the victory in Brown v. Board of Education.
Civil disobedience
A form of nonviolent protest that involves intentionally breaking certain laws or regulations to advocate for social change and justice, often associated with figures like Martin Luther King Jr.
Nonviolent resistance
An active method of protest wherein participants reject violence as a means of achieving social and political goals, emphasizing peaceful means to create change.
Rosa Parks
An iconic civil rights activist whose refusal to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama, sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and became a symbol of the fight against racial segregation.
Edmund Pettus Bridge
The site in Selma, Alabama, where civil rights marchers faced brutal violence from law enforcement on Bloody Sunday, symbolizing the struggle for voting rights.
Birmingham Campaign
A series of protests that took place in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 aimed at ending racial segregation in the city's public facilities, known for its violent backlash which garnered extensive media coverage.
Emmett Till
A 14-year-old African American boy who was brutally murdered in Mississippi in 1955 after allegedly offending a white woman, his death and the subsequent trial sparked widespread outrage and became a catalyst for the civil rights movement.
Ku Klux Klan
A white supremacist hate group founded in the post-Civil War United States known for its use of terror, violence, and intimidation to maintain white supremacy and racial segregation.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
An organization formed in 1957 dedicated to conducting nonviolent protests and actions to oppose racial segregation and injustice; led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Children's Crusade
A series of mass protests led primarily by children and teenagers in Birmingham in 1963, aiming to disrupt the city's segregationist policies and draw national attention to the civil rights struggle.
Fannie Lou Hamer
A prominent civil rights activist and leader known for her efforts in voter registration and her powerful testimony at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, advocating for African American civil rights.
Great Migration
The large-scale movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1910 and 1970, driven by the search for better economic opportunities and escaping racial segregation.
Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s
A significant period characterized by widespread activism and mobilization aimed at abolishing racial discrimination and segregation, promoting social justice, and achieving equality for African Americans.
Fair Employment Practices Act
Federal legislation aimed at preventing employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, promoting affirmative action and equal opportunity in the workplace.
Interposition
A legal theory employed by some Southern states that asserted the right to oppose federal laws by claiming the authority to intervene on behalf of their residents against perceived federal overreach.
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
An early legislative attempt to secure civil rights and citizenship for all persons born in the United States, regardless of race, effectively laying the groundwork for future civil rights laws.
HBCUs (Historically Black Colleges and Universities)
Institutions of higher education established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically to educate African Americans, playing a vital role in providing access to advanced education in a segregated society.
White Citizens Council
A network of white supremacist organizations formed in the 1950s in the South, dedicated to maintaining segregation and undermining the civil rights movement through economic and social pressure.
Margold Report 1930
A document produced by NAACP's legal counsel suggesting legal approaches to challenge segregation and racial discrimination, serving as a strategic blueprint for future civil rights litigation.
National Defense Education Act of 1958
Legislation aimed at enhancing education in science, mathematics, and foreign languages linked to national security, which also introduced measures to promote civil rights through educational access.
Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, known for his impactful leadership in landmark decisions, including Brown v. Board of Education, which advanced civil rights.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
A regulatory agency established to oversee the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation, which prohibited racial segregation in interstate travel and storage.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, profoundly impacting public accommodations, employment practices, and educational opportunities, thereby serving as a pivotal victory for the civil rights movement in the United States.
14th Amendment
Ratified in 1868, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution is essential for defining U.S. citizenship and guarantees that all citizens receive equal protection under state laws, effectively prohibiting states from unlawfully denying any person their rights.
15th Amendment
Ratified in 1870, this amendment prohibits both federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude,' reinforcing the voting rights of African American men after the Civil War.
Commerce Clause
Found in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, this clause empowers Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establishing a crucial foundation for federal involvement in economic regulation and interstate commerce.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A significant federal legislation aimed at overcoming legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote, this act eliminated literacy tests and provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of discrimination.
Medgar Evers
A notable civil rights leader and field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi, Evers became emblematic of the civil rights struggle after his assassination in 1963, which galvanized national attention and advocacy for civil rights measures.
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
On August 28, 1963, over 250,000 participants gathered in Washington D.C. for this historic event, highlighting economic inequalities and civil rights for African Americans, culminating in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic 'I Have a Dream' speech.
Bloody Sunday
This term refers to the violent confrontation on March 7, 1965, when peaceful civil rights marchers advocating for voting rights were brutally attacked by law enforcement at the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, an event that drew widespread outrage and support for the civil rights movement.
Lyndon Johnson
The 36th President of the United States, serving from 1963 to 1969, Johnson was instrumental in the passage of crucial civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, shaping modern civil rights policy.
Malcolm X
An influential figure during the Civil Rights Movement, Malcolm X advocated for black self-identity, empowerment, and the necessity of a more militant approach to achieving racial justice, contrasting with nonviolent civil disobedience strategies.
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
Founded in 1957, the SCLC is a civil rights organization focused on nonviolent protest, led by influential leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., aiming to combat racial injustice and seek equality through coordinated civil rights campaigns.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Established in 1909, this historic civil rights organization employs legal strategies to fight systemic discrimination and advocate for the civil rights of African Americans, playing a vital role in landmark civil rights cases.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Formed in 1960, this organization sought to empower students and young activists through nonviolent protests and voter registration drives, contributing significantly to the civil rights struggle, especially in the South.
Freedom Rides
In 1961, civil rights activists engaged in these interstate bus trips to challenge segregation in public transportation, aimed at enforcing Supreme Court decisions against racial segregation on interstate buses.
Little Rock Nine
A group of nine African American students who courageously integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 amidst violent resistance, symbolizing the struggle for school desegregation and the enforcement of civil rights.
Brown v. Board of Education
This landmark Supreme Court decision in 1954 declared that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students were unconstitutional, leading to the desegregation of schools and effectively overturning the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of 'separate but equal,' legitimizing institutionalized racism until its eventual overturn in Brown v. Board of Education.
Massive Resistance
A concerted effort by white supremacists in the Southern United States to thwart desegregation following the Brown v. Board of Education decision, which often included closing integrated schools and enacting discriminatory laws.
Jim Crow Laws
A collection of oppressive state and local statutes enacted in the Southern U.S. between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, disenfranchising African Americans and solidifying the racial caste system.
Freedom Summer
This 1964 initiative sought to increase voter registration among African Americans in Mississippi, facing significant violence and resistance while bringing national focus to civil rights and voter suppression issues.
Black Power Movement
Emerging in the late 1960s, this movement advocated for racial pride, economic independence, and a more assertive approach to civil rights, promoting a shift in the rhetoric and strategies of African American advocacy.
Civil Rights Movement
A concerted campaign primarily in the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial discrimination, securing legal rights, and achieving social justice for African Americans through activism, protests, and legal challenges.
George Wallace
The staunchly segregationist Governor of Alabama, infamous for his opposition to civil rights, who declared 'segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever' during his 1963 inaugural address.
FAIR HOUSING ACT of 1968
Legislation prohibiting housing discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability, designed to promote fair and equitable housing opportunities.
March on Washington 1963
This pivotal event brought approximately 250,000 demonstrators to advocate for civil rights and economic justice, highlighted by Martin Luther King Jr.'s powerful 'I Have a Dream' speech calling for an end to racism.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A leading figure of the Civil Rights Movement, King is celebrated for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and powerful oratory, which galvanized support for civil rights, justice, and equality.
Sit-in
A form of nonviolent protest where participants occupy a segregated area, such as a lunch counter, to challenge discriminatory practices, drawing attention to civil rights issues.
Boycotts
A form of protest involving the refusal to purchase goods or services from specific businesses or policies, utilized during the civil rights era to oppose discrimination and racial segregation.
Freedom Schools
These educational institutions were established during Freedom Summer 1964 to teach African Americans about civil rights, U.S. history, and ways to engage civically, aimed at fostering empowerment through education.
SNCC's Black Power Speech
Delivered by Stokely Carmichael in 1966, this speech marked a turning point for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, embracing the concept of Black Power and advocating for a bolder approach to civil rights activism.
Thurgood Marshall
The first African American Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, he served from 1967 to 1991 and was instrumental in legal battles for civil rights, notably as the lead attorney in Brown v. Board of Education.
Civil disobedience
A nonviolent method of protest where individuals deliberately disobey certain laws or regulations to advocate for social and political change, often associated with leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.
Nonviolent resistance
A strategy of protesting injustices through peaceful means rather than violence, aiming to create social and political change through steadfast demonstrations and civil disobedience.
Rosa Parks
A key figure in the civil rights movement, Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955, catalyzing the Montgomery Bus Boycott and becoming a symbol of civil resistance.
Edmund Pettus Bridge
This historic site in Selma, Alabama, became known for the violent conflicts during the Selma to Montgomery marches, particularly Bloody Sunday, representing both the struggle for voting rights and racial injustice.
Birmingham Campaign
A series of coordinated protests against racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, noted for its violent response from authorities and its significant role in the civil rights movement.
Emmett Till
The 14-year-old African American boy murdered in Mississippi in 1955 after allegedly offending a white woman, whose tragic death and subsequent media coverage helped galvanize the civil rights movement.
Ku Klux Klan
A hate group founded in the post-Civil War era that uses terror and violence to maintain white supremacy and racial segregation, notorious for its attacks on African Americans and civil rights activists.
Children's Crusade
A series of demonstrations in Birmingham, led mainly by high school students in 1963, aimed at protesting segregation and discrimination, which garnered significant media attention and public outrage against racism.
Fannie Lou Hamer
A civil rights leader known for her passionate activism and voting rights advocacy, Hamer gained national attention for her testimony at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, emphasizing the struggles of African Americans.
Great Migration
The massive movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West from 1910 to 1970, driven by the search for better jobs and escape from Jim Crow laws and racial violence.
Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s
A transformative period characterized by significant activism to end racial discrimination and segregation, striving for equality and justice in education, employment, and civil liberties for African Americans.
Fair Employment Practices Act
Federal legislation aimed at eliminating employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, promoting affirmative action and equitable labor practices.
Interposition
A legal doctrine used by Southern states claiming the right to oppose federal laws they believed infringed on their states' rights, often in the context of school desegregation and civil rights enforcement.
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
An early attempt to ensure civil rights and citizenship for all individuals born in the U.S., irrespective of race, positioning itself as a precursor to later civil rights legislation.
HBCUs (Historically Black Colleges and Universities)
Institutions founded primarily to provide education to African Americans prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, playing a critical role in advancing education and cultural identity in a segregated society.
White Citizens Council
An organization formed in the South in the 1950s composed of white segregationists aiming to preserve racial segregation and undermine the civil rights movement through socio-economic pressure.
Margold Report 1930
A strategic document from the NAACP's legal counsel outlining legal strategies to combat segregation, significantly influencing civil rights litigation methodologies in subsequent decades.
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