Kingdom Protoist

Ectoplasm

Clear outer layer

Endoplasm

Granular inner region

Flagella

long whiplike structure

Pseudopods

false foot

Cilia

identical to flagella but shorter than flagella

Pseudopodia

used for locomotion, food capture, and endocytosis

Endocytosis

process whereby solid and liquid materials are take into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle

Actin

fine protein fibers within cells that contribute to structure and support

Both cillia and flagella require _____ to move

ATP

Trophozoite

active, motile, feeding stage of protozoa

Protozoa

animal-like protists

Algae

Plant-like protists

Slime molds & water molds

fungus-like protists

Endocytosis

process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle

T. vaginalis

______ does not form cysts

Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)

- Moved by Pseudopodia

- Replication: Binary Fission

- Shape: Pleomorphic

- Example: Amoeba / Ameba

Amoeba / Ameba

Pathogenic Species: Entamoeba Hystolica

Disease: Amoebiasis or amoebic disentery

Non-pathogenic: Entamoeba gingivalis

Entamoeba coli

Entamoeba Hystolica

- Host: Homo sapiens

- Transmission: Fecal-oral route

- Infective stage: mature cyst

- Localization: Large intestine

Foraminefera or Forams

- Shelled amoebas

Radiolarians (Phylum Radiolaria)

- Shelled amoebas

Foraminefera or Forams

- Mostly marine organisms

- Create wonders in the form of chalk and limestone

Example:

- Pink sands of Bermuda, White cliffs of Dover in England, Block of Pyramids

Radiolaria

- Mostly planktonic

- Siliceous, spherical test

Sporozoa (Apicomplexa)

Lack motor organelles

- Examples:

- Plasmodium

- Toxoplasma

- Cryptosporidium

- Perkinsus spp.

- Pneumocystis carinii

Plasmodium falciparum

Disease: Tropical malaria or malignant tertian

- Most fatal form of Malaria

- Incubation Period: 12 days

- 72% of cases in the PH

Plasmodium vivax

Benign Tertian / Tertian Malaria

- Can cause death to young and old patients

- Incubation Period: 14 days

- 26% of cases in the PH

Plasmodium malariae

Quartan Malaria

- Non lethal

- Incubation Period: 30 days

Plasmodium ovale

Tertian ovale

- Very seldom in the Phils.

- Incubation Period: 14 days

Definitive Host of Malaria

Anopheles mosquito

Transmission of Malaria

bite of female Anopheles mosquito

Localisation of Malaria

Blood or liver

Clinical Manifestations of Malaria

fever, anemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

Prophylaxis of Malaria

can be prevented by chemoprophylaxis

Merozoite

infective stage of plasmodial life cycle, infect red blood cells of host organism

Sporozoite

a motile sporelike stage in the life cycle of some parasitic sporozoans (e.g., the malaria organism) that is typically the infective agent introduced into a host.

Gametocytes

reproductive stage

Spore

gametes pair to form zygotes, and protective capsule is secreted

Toxoplasma gondii

transmitted by the ingestion of oocysts from cat feces

Localisation of Toxoplasma gondii

brain, eyes, skeletal and cardiac muscles, liver, and lungs

Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii

Ingestion of cysts in undercooked meats or food contaminated w/ cat feces. Can present w/ fever lymph node/liver/spleen enlargement, infection of meninges/brain, and chorioretinitis. Can transfer to fetus and can cause chorioretinitis, blindness, seizures, mental retardation, microcephaly, encephalitis, and other defects. If early/severe, can cause stillbirth.

African Trypanosomiasis

PATHOGEN: Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense,

T. b. gambiense

SYMPTOMS: Fatal infection; early symptoms (headache, fever) progress to coma

METHOD OF TRANSMISSION: Tsetse fly

TREATMENT: Suramin; pentamidine

Prevention: Vector control

AKA "African sleeping sickness"

Localisation of African Tryanosomiasis

blood, lymph nodes, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, muscles

Prophylaxis of African Tryanosomiasis

- treatment of patients

- use of insect repellents

Chaga's Disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

Localisation of Chaga's Disease

blood (in acute phase), cells of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, brain, muscles

Clinical manifestation of Chaga's Disease

fever, edema of the face, and enlargement of the thyroid gland, lymph nodes , spleen, and liver, hear alterations

Transmission of Chaga's Disease

Bite from kissing bugs

Sand fly vector in Iraq, Iran, India

Phlebotomus sergenti

Sand fly vector in southern France, Italy and, certain Mediterranean islands

Phlebotomus papatasi

Cutaneous leismaniasis

Leishmania tropica

Visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar

Leishmania donovani

Lambliosis

Lamblia intestinalis

Transmission of Lambliosis

fecal- oral route

Localisation of Lambliosis

Small intestine

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis

Localisation of Trichomoniasis

vagina, urethra

Clinical manifestations of T. vaginalis

vaginitis in women, asymptomatic in men.

Main symptoms: dysuria, pruritis, yellow and frothy discharge

Gardiasis

Giardia lamblia - parasites in small intestine

Balantidiasis Parasite

Balantidium coli - parasite in the colon of pigs, humans and rodents

Localisation of Balantidiasis Parasite

Large intestine

Clinical manifestations of Balantidiasis Parasite

colitis, ulcers and abscesses of colon, diarrhoea, blood and mucus in stool

Prophylaxis of Balantidiasis Parasite

protection of food stuff and water from contamination with swine feces and observation of individual hygiene when taking care of the animals