term 1 revision

what divides body into left and right halves

sagittal

what divides body into anterior and posterior

coronal (frontal)

what divides body into superior and inferior

transverse

what are the two types of WBC and its examples

1. granulocytes (phils): neutro, eosino, baso

2. agranulocytes (cytes): lympho, mono

what do eosinophils do

• bi-lobed nucleus and many large granules

• kills parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks

what do basophils do

• u-shaped or lobed nucleus

• basophils and mast cells release histamine during allergy reactions

what do lymphocytes do

1. B cells: when mature, produces antibodies marking a pathogen for destruction

2. T cells: directly destroy pathogens

what do monocytes do

develops into even larger macrophages which engulfs pathogens, old cells and debris

what are the types of immune system

1. innate: fully functional without previous exposure to a pathogen (first line of defense)

2. adaptive/ acquired: initiated when exposed to a pathogen (has memory)

what are the types of immunisation

1. active : intentionally expose to an antigen stimulating immune system to reproduce antibodies and activate T cells preparing immune system to recognise and fight the antigen efficiently (aka vaccination)

2. passive: receives antibodies from another source providing short-term protection against infection. can develop naturally via passing of mother’s antibodies or when antibodies that protect against specific pathogens are transferred thru blood'/plasma transfusion

what does the heart circulatory system consist of

1. coronary arteries: from aorta (oxygenated blood)

2. cardiac veins: drains myocardium of blood

3. coronary sinus: receives blood from cardiac veins

what is the P wave

• represents atrial contraction (depolarization)

• impulse generated by SA node pacemaker

what does the QRS complex do

• represents ventricular contraction (depolarisation)

what does the T wave do

• represents ventricular relaxation (repolarisation)

what is pulmonary ventilation

• mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

• volume change = pressure change = flow of gases to equalise pressure

1. inspiration aka inhalation (air in)

2. expiration aka exhalation (air out)

describe pulmonary ventilation inspiration vrsn

1. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles CONTRACT

2. size of thoracic cavity increases

3. external air flows in

4. increase intrapulmonary volume

5. but decrease gas pressure

6. causing air to be sucked into lungs

same thing but expiration vrsn

1. as muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs resulting in

2. decrease in intrapulmonary volume

3. but increase in gas pressure

4. causing a forced expiration mostly by contraction of

5. internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

what is diffusion

movement from high to low concentration

what is osmosis

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

what is facilitated diffusion

transport proteins help moving substances down the concentration gradient without energy input

what is active transport

moves substances AGAINST concentration gradient and requires ATP

what is endocytosis

cell engulfs substances via vesicles

what is exocytosis

vesicles releasing substances outside the cell

what is a hypertonic solution

• higher solute outside the cell

• water movement out of cell

• cell shrinks

what do hypotonic solutions do

• lower solute outside cell

• water movement into cell

• cell swells and may burts (aka lysis)

what do isotonic solution do

• equal solute concentration inside and outside

• no net water movement

• normal cell shape retained

what does G1 stage do

• ntg, performs normal function

• also dbls its organelles and accumulate materials needed for DNA synthesis

what does S stage do

• DNA replication

• after this stage, each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids

what does G2 stage do

synthesise the proteins needed for cell division

what is mitosis/ nuclear division

a multistep process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated and move into two new identical daughter cells

what is cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

what does G1 chkpt do

• main chkpt

• if DNA damaged, apoptosis will occur

• if not, cell is committed to divide when growth signals are present and nutrients are available

what does G2 chkpt do

• mitosis chkpt

• mitosis will occur if DNA replicated properly

what does M chkpt do

• spindle assembly chkpt

• mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned