Nature v Nurture

What is nature?

The physical characteristics which wre biologically determined by genetic inheritance

e.g height , eye colour , blood type

What is nurture?

The influences that an environment has on an individual including social and environmental factors

e.g parenting styles , religion , social class

What theories are nature based?

• Bowlby's theory of attachment

• Chomsky's language LAD theory

• Arnold Giselle's maturation theory

What is maturation?

Characteristics and differences that occur later in life

What is Arnold Giselle's theory?

Aim: identifying norms or milestones for each developmental aspect

Procedure: observed large numbers of children to find the skills and abilities that most children have in each age group, developing the 'normative approach’

Findings:

- a child moves through the sequence at their own pace

- development was predetermined and the environment had little influence

- if a child experienced delayed development then the issue is heredity rather than the environment

What was Bandura's theory?

Aim: based on observations of learning occurring through observing the behaviour of others

Procedure: show a group of children an adult showing agressive behaviour and then show the other group an adult showing non agressive behaviour and see which group act agressive toward the bobo doll

Findings: the children imitate the behaviour they see

What is the sequencing for the Social Learning Theory?

1. Child noticed behaviour of another person

2. They then internalise that behaviour by remembering it

3. They then imitate the behaviour when the opportunity occurs

4. depending on the outcome (positive/negative) , children will either repeat or not repeat the behaviour due to reinforcement

What is positive reinforcement?

The behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction (intrinsic reinforcement) or rewards (Extrinsic reinforcement)

What is negative reinforcement?

The behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or to avoid being told off

What is the stress diathesis model?

• explains stress is caused by life events

• the impact stress has on a person is due to their genetic makeup

• the theory explains that some people have a biological predisposition to mental illness (diathesis)

• however, that person may never develop the disorder if they don't experience a stress trigger in their life

what are the 3 genetic factors affecting developement?

1. susceptible diseases

2. biological factors

3. predispositional diseases

How do these factors affect development?

susceptible diseases ~ increased likelihood of aquiring a disease due to the genetic makeup

biological factors ~ environment inside womb can influence child’s development e.g attention span and learning disabilites

predispositional diseases ~ inherited genes that determe physical growth, development, health and appearance

what is genetic predisposition?

you inherit genes from both parents which may cause a disease, but this does not mean you will develop the condition

How can smoking affect developement in the womb?

• the nicotine contanis CO2 which gets into the bloodstream restricting the amount of O2 to the foetus

• this causes the baby to weigh less at birth and make it more prone to infections

• it affects the baby long term e.g their attention span and learning abilities

How can drinking affect development in the womb?

the alchohol passes through the mother’s blood stream and through the placents and into the baby’s bloodstream via umbilical cors

• can cause learning difficulties, problems with behaviour, physical disability, emotional and psychiatric problems

• interferes with the development of the baby’s brain and other organs

• drinking increases the risk of a miscarriage and low birth weight

• gives baby a higher likelihood of developing an addiction , a shorter lifespan and liver issues

What are some environmental factors affecting health?

• air pollution

• housing conditions

• water polllution

What affects do these factors have on us?

1. air pollution ~ can cause a stroke, lung cancer and heart disease

2. housing conditions ~ can cause headaches and respiritory illness from damp/ mold and allergies from pet hair and dust mites

3. water pollution ~ can cause cholera, dhiarrhea and polio

What aspects of poor housing conditions pose risk to our health?

• dampness causing mold

• structural defects (broken window)

• overcrowding

What impacts does poor housing conditions have on our health?

respiratiry disorders caused by overcrowded housing, lack of heating and poor ventilation

hyperthermia ~ due to lack of heating, could. be due to heating bills too high

cardiovascular problems ~ overcrowdedness can cause growth and weight problems and an increase in heart disease , can also cause stress increasing risk of blood clots and strokes

How can poor quality housing lead to anixety and depression?

• stress of paying bills

• disturbed sleep due to worrying or fear of safety

• fear of crime

• feeling of shame/ ebarrassment

• lack of privacy

What are the local health authority responsible for?

to ensure health and social care services meet the needs of the local people

How do the local authoruty help provide health and social care services?

• easily accesssible transport services to get there

• suitable opening times

What can be some problems of health services?

• travelling to appointments can be stressful due to paying for travel, parking, arranging lifts and public transport times

• living in remote areas mean transport may be unreliable, causing appointments to be cancelled, missed or rescheduled

Why don’t some groups of people have the same access to GP services as others?

• recruitment of GPs and nurses may be difficult in deprived areas

• hospital and GP appointments during working hours may be inconvenient

• elderly and childrent reliant on others to book their appointments and take them there

How can these problems be overcome?

• extend GP hours

• introduce more NHS walk in centres, healthy living centres and NHS 111 services

What is a nuclear family?

parents living with their biological children

What is an extended family?

living with grandparents, aunties, uncles etc

What is a blended family?

living with step/ adopted family members

What is a dysfunctional family?

a family that isb’t providing the support and benefits associated with being in a family

What causes a dysfunctional family?

• poor parenting skills

• controlling, agresssive and manipulative family members

• neglecting children

• parents being inconsistent in teaching children how to behave in society

What impacts does divorce have on children’s growth and development?

• can make them have a low self esteem

• can make them have a lack of trust in relationships

• can make them feel jealous of their new siblings

What were the 3 different parent styles Diana Baumrind indentify?

Authoritative ~ parents are not overly strict but children are tought to respect authority and develop appropriate calues and boundaries

Permissive ~ parents make very few demands and may be reluctant to implement rules or values into their children → causes children to lack self controk as they have no boundaries

Authoritarian ~ parents have very high expectations and are very strict → may cause children to become rebellious and problematic at home and in social settings

Why and how someone could be bullied?

(SOCIAL FACTORS)

• For their appearance, race, culture, religion

• Through teasing, hitting, threats, name calling, social media

What are the impacts of bullying?

• reduced self esteem

• Stress, depression, anxiety

• Poor self image

How does some religions affect medical treatment?

Some religions or cultures may not allow some treatments to be carried out which can cause complex situations and emotional distress.

e.g jehovas witnesses believe blood transfusions must not be accepted even if they were needed to save a life

How can religion or culture influence diets?

Some religions or cultures may not eat certain foods/ drinks

E.g muslims don’t eat pork or non halal meats and don’t consume alcohol

What issues occur from an unbalanced diet?

• high cholesterol and blood pressure

• Heart disease

• Weakened bones and teeth

What are some economic factors that can affect development?

• educational achievement

• Jobs

• How we choose to live

• Amount of money we make

What are the possible impacts of these factors?

• premature death

• The ability to pay bills

• Poverty trap

• Poor eating habits

• Ill health

What is absolute poverty?

When you can’t afford clothing, food, housing and bills

What is relative poverty?

People who can afford basic resources but not much else

What are the social impacts of having low income?

• social exclusion

• Discrimination

• Poverty trap

• Gang culture

• Poor self confidence and esteem

What type of people are most likely on low incomes?

• single parents

• Unemployed people

• Older people

• Sick or disabled people

• Families with single earners

What type of jobs do manual workers do?

More physical jobs which are often poorly payed and don’t need high qualifications

What jobs do non manual workers have?

Jobs that involve using your mind and are often higher payed and need qualifications for