CHAPTER 3 —> Migration

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Chain Migration (Migration Ladder)

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

Distance-decay Function

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Emigration

Migration from a location (Think "Exit").

Immigration

Migration to a new location (Think "In").

Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Guest Worker

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Maquiladoras

Factories built by the U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Migration Transition

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Migration Stream

A constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Net Migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

Push Factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residences.

Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as the deteriorating social conditions.

Counter-urbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Net-in migration

When the total number of immigration (immigrants) exceeds the amount of emigration (number coming in is greater than those leaving).

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Quotas

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year.

Diaspora

Describes forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place (ethnic "scattering" - Jewish).

Periodic Movement

movement away from home for a longer period (ex. migrant work)

Step Migration

A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a person's place of origin to final destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and finally to a city

Transhumance

the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer

guest worker programs

allows foreign workers to temporarily reside and work in a host country until a next round of workers is readily available to switch

Circular Migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

Quota Laws

limited immigration by allowing only a certain number of people from each country to immigrate to the U.S

Unauthorized immigrants

People who enter a country without proper documents.

Four types of immigrant policy

Maintain, increase, decrease, no policy

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Syria, south Sudan, Afghanistan

Currently produces the most refugees

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Trail of Tears (1838)

The route taken by Native Americans as they were relocated to Oklahoma; 20-25% perished before reaching Oklahoma

Largest intraregional migration flow in the US

Urban to Surburban

Largest intraregional migration flow in the world

Rural to Urban

russias migration

interegional movement important in developing soviet union, to build an adequate work force near resource rich factories/ mills the government had to stimulate interegional migration and move people to the far north... but that was too remote and people moved back and when soviet union fell they no longer dictated optimal locations for factories

Canada's migration

Westward for economic opportunities( oil fields)

US Migration Patterns

West and South

US migration in 1840's

Irish

US migration 1880's

Scandinavian (Swedish, Norwegian)

US Migration early 1900's

East and Southern Europe (Russian, Polish, Italians)

US Migration 1980's

Latin American and some Asian countries

US migration 2000's

Asian countries with some Latin American

Brazil's migration

- has tropical interior that is sparely populated, the capital moved to create attractiveness

US migrations 1700's

Europe and Africa

Largest flows of migration

Within Asia and out of Asia

Which country has sent the most migrants to the US?

Mexico

Family-based migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there