Particle Theory, Heat Transfer, and Temperature Scales in Physics

What is the Particle Theory of Matter?

It states that everything is made up of particles that are always moving, with movement depending on heat.

How does heat affect particle movement?

More heat results in faster movement of particles, while less heat results in slower movement.

What type of energy is heat considered?

Heat is a type of energy that can be converted into kinetic energy.

What is kinetic energy?

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion; it increases with speed and mass.

What is the law of conservation of energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference, while temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles.

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance, depending on temperature and the number of particles.

What are the units for measuring temperature?

Degrees Celsius, Degrees Kelvin, and Degrees Fahrenheit.

What is absolute zero in Celsius?

-273 degrees Celsius.

What is the boiling point of water in Fahrenheit?

212 degrees Fahrenheit.

How is heat transferred?

Heat is transferred from hot to cold through conduction, convection, and radiation.

What is conduction?

Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact, typically in solids, where fast-moving particles collide with slower ones.

What is convection?

Convection is the transfer of heat through the motion of fluids (liquids and gases), where warmer, less dense particles rise and cooler, denser particles sink.

What is radiation?

Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium.

What happens to particles as they heat up?

They gain kinetic energy, move more, take up more space, and become less dense.

What happens to particles as they cool down?

They lose kinetic energy, move less, take up less space, and become denser.

What is the significance of dark-colored surfaces in heat absorption?

Dark-colored objects are better absorbers of radiation than light-colored objects.

What is the independent variable in an experiment comparing heat absorption of black and white surfaces?

The color of the surface (black vs. white).

What is a controlled variable in heat transfer experiments?

The size and thickness of the cardboard used, and the distance between the cardboard and the light source.

What is the expected outcome of thermometers placed behind black and white cardboard after 5 minutes?

The thermometer behind the black cardboard will show a higher temperature reading.