anatomy lab 3

osmosis, transport, & cellular structures

What are the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, organismal

What is the level of hierarchy from smallest to largest?

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Microscopic

Cannot be seen with the naked eye

Macroscopic

Can be seen with the naked eye

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

Nucleus

Houses the genome. Replication and transcription take place here

Nuclear envelope

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nuclear pore

Channels found in the nuclear envelope to allow for selective transport

Chromatin

Forms chromosomes and is housed in the nucleus

Nucleolus

In the middle of the nucleus. Houses ribosomal synthesis

Cytosol

The gel in a cell

Cytoplasm

All the components of a cell

Plasma membrane

A membrane that protects the interior of the cell and is selectively permeable

Golgi apparatus

Sorts and packages proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Has ribosomes attached. Modifies proteins after production and transports them to the Golgi and other locations

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Does not have ribosomes attached. Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, breaks down glycogen

Centrosome

Tubular structures. Regulates cell motility and creates the spindle fibers during mitosis

Endocytic vesicle

Used for endocytosis

Free ribosome

Ribosomes floating around the cell. Synthesize all other proteins encoded by the genome

Lysosome

Contains hydrolase (digestive enzymes) that digest intracellular waste

Cilium

Tiny hairlike structures that can provide movement for the cell

Microvilli

Helps to absorb nutrients in the cell by increasing surface area

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration. Produces ATP

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Peroxisome

Oxidates fatty acids, a major source of metabolic energy. Synthesizes cholesterol/bile

Cellular extensions

Protruding parts of the cell used for motility or to increase surface area

DNA

Found in the nucleus. Contains genetic material, directs protein synthesis, and replicates before division

Transcription

Occurs in the nucleus. DNA information is encoded in mRNA

Translation

Occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA’s information is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides

What are the functions of proteins?

Structural framework, movement, catalysis, transport, regulation, body defense, etc

Primary structure

Sequence of amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain

Secondary structure

Primary chain forms alpha helices and beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonding of R groups

Tertiary structure

Forms a globular protein by intramolecular bonding

Quaternary structure

Two or more tertiary proteins combine to form a functional protein

Integral proteins

A permanent membrane protein

Transmembrane proteins

A type of integral protein that spans the entirety of the membrane

Channel proteins

Used for facilitated diffusion of larger, polar molecules

Aquaporins

Diffuse water across the membrane

What can increase the rate of diffusion?

Temperature, particle size, and the concentration gradient

Diffusion

The tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

Osmosis

The diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached

Tonicity

The ability of the solution to change the shape of cells by altering the internal water volume

Hypotonic

Swells, possibly lyses

Isotonic

Remains the same

Hypertonic

Shrinks (crenates)

Cytosine (pyrimidine)

ATP

Alanine

Fatty acid

Fructose

Glucose

Dipeptide (ala-gly)

Thymine (pyrimidine)

Maltose

Purine (alanine)

Glycine

Cysteine

Alanine (purine)

What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine?

Purine has 2 rings, pyrimidine has 1

What are the colors for carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus?

Black, red, white, blue, yellow, purple

Which bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Which bases are purines?

Guanine and adenine

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

2

How many hydrogen bonds are between cytosine and guanine?

3

How can you identify glycine?

R group is a single hydrogen

How can you identify cysteine?

Presence of sulfur (yellow)

How can you identify alanine?

R group is CH₃