stuttering

age of stuttering onsent

18 m and 12 yrs old

stuttering onset is most likely to occur

2 and 5 yrs old

What is the general prevalence pattern of stuttering

Stuttering is relatively common in childhood and decreases as children age; many recover naturally.

new evidecne say 8% of children stutter 

75-80 % of adults have spontaneous recovery

one twin stutters 

the other one will too 

stuttering genetic link

many people who stutter have fam who do too

What factors help determine whether someone stutters?

• Type of disfluency

• Frequency

• Duration

• Effort and physical tension

• Avoidance behaviors

• Self-concept as a communicator

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Sound/syllable repetitions

  “You t-t-t- take it”; “See the ba-ba-baby”

• ​

• Sound prolongations​

Mmmmmmmore cake please”​

Broken word

• “I was g – (pause)-oing”​

Monosyllabic whole word repetitions

I-I-I can't do that.”

• Multisyllabic whole word repetitions​

he he he likes cake

phrase rep

i was i was there

interjection 

i wil uhm you know be ,late 

revision

she is she was here

What are primary stuttering symptoms

• Audible prolongations

• Silent prolongations (blocks)

• Part-word repetitions

• Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions

What frequency of disfluency suggests stuttering?

More than 10 disfluencies per 100 words

normal disflency

People who produce 2 or fewer disfluencies per 100 words tend not to be judged as people who stutter.​

duration of disflency

1 second 

avoidence and escape behaviors in stuttering

secondary behaviors limit the presence of stuttering, hide the presence of stuttering, or assist the person to quickly stop stuttering.​

What are secondary behaviors in stuttering?

Physical or behavioral reactions such as Head movements​

Movements of the arms and hands​

Movements of the legs​

Shoulder movements​

at the time of stuttering

What are typical disfluency types in normally fluent children?

• Typically, interjections, revisions, and word repetitions.​

• The word repetitions are most often monosyllabic whole word repetitions but can be part-word repetitions.​

• Typically, one-unit repetitions, e.g., (“That’s my-my ball.”​)

What is a red flag in normal disfluency development?

Increasing part-word repetitions with age.

What is neurogenic stuttering?

A fluency disorder acquired after neurological injury/disease, not developmental

When does neurogenic stuttering typically emerge?

Adulthood, with sudden onset following CNS insult (e.g., stroke, TBI)

: What disorders can co-occur with neurogenic stuttering?

• Apraxia of Speech

• Hypokinetic dysarthria

• Aphasia

most common etiologys of nero stuttering

stroke and tbi

after tbi or stroke stuttering occurs

one month after

Multi-focal and diffuse/bilateral lesions more likely to result in

permanent symptoms then single lesions

What distinguishes neurogenic from developmental stuttering?

• Neurogenic: sudden onset after neurological damage, consistent across speaking tasks, fewer secondary behaviors.

• Developmental: emerges in childhood, variable across tasks, more secondary behaviors and tension.