AP Psychology: Memory Pt 2

Levels of processing model

Levels of processing model

A theory by Craik & Lockhart that suggests memory retention depends on the depth of processing.

Long-term memory

A type of memory that can store information for extended periods, often indefinitely.

Long-term potentiation

A process that strengthens synapses based on recent patterns of activity, believed to be a mechanism for memory formation.

Multi-store model

A framework by Atkinson & Shiffrin that describes memory as consisting of sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.

Phonemic processing

A type of encoding that focuses on the sound of words.

Phonological loop

A component of working memory that deals with verbal and auditory information.

Primary memory system

The initial stage of memory where information is temporarily held.

Procedural memory

A type of long-term memory for skills and actions.

Prospective memory

The ability to remember to perform actions in the future.

Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing stored information into consciousness.

Semantic processing

A type of encoding that focuses on the meaning of words and concepts.

Semantic memory

A type of long-term memory that involves the storage of facts and general knowledge.

Sensory memory

The brief retention of sensory information after the original stimulus has ended.

Shallow encoding

A superficial level of processing that focuses on surface features rather than meaning.

Storage

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Structural processing

A type of shallow processing that focuses on the physical structure of words.

Visuospatial sketchpad

A component of working memory that handles visual and spatial information.

Working memory

A system for temporarily holding and manipulating information.

Working memory model

A model by Baddeley & Hitch that describes the structure and function of working memory.

Categorical classification

Organizing information into categories based on shared characteristics.

Chunking

A memory technique that involves grouping information into larger, manageable units.

Distributed practice

A learning strategy that involves spreading out study sessions over time.

Encoding

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Hierarchies

A way of organizing information into levels of importance or categories.

Massed practice

A learning strategy that involves cramming information in a short period.

Memory consolidation

The process of stabilizing a memory after its initial acquisition.

Method of loci

A mnemonic device that involves visualizing items in specific locations to aid memory.

Mnemonic devices

Techniques used to improve memory retention and retrieval.

Primacy effect

The tendency to remember the first items in a list better than those in the middle.

Recency effect

The tendency to remember the last items in a list better than those in the middle.

Serial position effect

The phenomenon where recall accuracy is influenced by an item's position in a sequence.

Spacing effect

The improved retention of information when study sessions are spaced out over time.

Alzheimer’s disease

A progressive neurological disorder that leads to memory loss and cognitive decline.

Amnesia

A condition characterized by memory loss.

Anterograde amnesia

The inability to form new memories after a specific event.

Autobiographical memory

A type of memory that involves recollections of personal experiences and events.

Elaborative rehearsal

A memory technique that involves linking new information to existing knowledge.

Infantile amnesia

The inability to recall memories from early childhood.

Maintenance rehearsal

A memory technique that involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

Memory retention

The ability to maintain and recall information over time.

Rehearsal

The process of practicing or reviewing information to enhance memory.

Retrograde amnesia

The inability to recall memories from before a specific event.

Short-term memory

A temporary storage system for information that is currently being processed.

Context-dependent memory

The improved recall of information when the context during retrieval matches the context during encoding.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood.

Recall

The ability to retrieve information from memory without cues.

Recognition

The ability to identify previously learned information when presented with it.

Retrieval cues

Stimuli that help access stored memories.

State-dependent memory

The improved recall of information when an individual is in the same state as when the information was encoded