APES Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

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Where are coral reefs located?

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1

Where are coral reefs located?

form in clear, warm coastal waters of tropics and subtropics --> along equator

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2

How are coral reefs formed?

formed by massive colonies of polyps

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3

What do coral reefs require?

  • dissolved oxygen

  • light

  • nutrients

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4

How do coral reefs bleach?

from loss of algae that colors and nourishes them and lack of dissolved oxygen, light and nutrients

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5

coral reefs threats

  • chemical pollution

  • global warming

  • extra UV

  • excess sediment from rivers (cloudy water)

  • human contact (collect)

  • predators (organisms)

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6

natural services of coral reefs

  • algae do photosynthesis and take in carbon dioxide

  • protect coastline --> natural barrier for waves, less erosion

  • build habitats for organisms to hide

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7

plankton

free-floating, drifting organisms

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8

types of plankton

  • phytoplankton (plant-like)

  • zooplankton (animal-like)

  • ultraplankton (tiny)

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9

nekton

fish, turtles, whales (not drifters)

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10

what are the majority of decomposers?

bacteria

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11

benthos

bottom dwellers (clams, oysters, crabs, tube worms)

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12

what varies btwn aquatic system layers?

temp, sunlight, dissolved oxygen, nutrients

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13

euphotic zone

  • top layer of aquatic system

  • sunlight can penetrate

  • lots of light

  • low nutrient levels (sink)

  • high photosynthetic activity

  • high dissolved oxygen

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14

bathyal zone

  • middle layer of aquatic system

  • dim/twilight area of open sea

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15

abyssal zone

  • bottom layer of aquatic system

  • dark

  • cold; low temp

  • no photosynthesis

  • high pressure

  • low dissolved oxygen

  • some nutrients (bc dead things)

  • organisms blind and produce own light to attract prey

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16

coastal zone

  • where most action is

  • high productivity

  • warm

  • nutrient-rich: sediments

  • shallow water

  • makes up less than 10% of world's ocean area but contain 90% all marine species

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17

what is open ocean made up of?

90 % ocean area and 10% marine species

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18

human impacts on aquatic habitats

  • dams

  • cities

  • farmland

  • suburban development cities and farmlands add pollutants and excess plant nutrients to streams and rivers that go to ocean

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19

temperate zone locations

above and below tropical zones

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20

tropical zones locations

  • area near equator; btwn tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn

  • coral reefs and mangroves (special trees)

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21

where do kelp forests grow?

in coastal zone (ex: by channel islands) grow 2 ft per day

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22

Microcystis

  • not a plant (algae)

  • AKA giant kelp

  • provides shelter for many organisms

  • provides food

  • higher biodiversity than rainforest

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23

ecological services of kelp forest

  • provide habitats

  • absorb carbon dioxide (carbon sink)

  • increase oxygen levels

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24

structure of kelp

  • holdfast attaches kelp to rock

  • reproduces by spores that float and settle in new location

  • fronds: leaves

  • air bladder helps fronds stay near surface (sunlight)

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25

what part of kelp do sea urchins eat?

eat base of holdfast and release kelp which washes up on shore (storms also break kelp and push them to shore)

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26

how do sea urchins move?

move in herds and can destroy 30m of forest per month (urchin barrens)

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27

keystone species

presence / absence of species profoundly affects ecosystem

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28

why did hunters kill sea otters?

for their fur for trade

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29

current sea otter threats

  • oil spills

  • polluted water --> pollutes food and toxins build up in body

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30

kelp forest benefits

  • washed up kelp become food for other organisms

  • beach hoppers --> become food (ex: snow plovers --> endangered)

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31

how are gopher tortoise keystone species?

make burrows for frogs, snakes, owls

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32

how are American alligators keystone species?

gator holes and nests

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33

how are red mangroves keystone species?

prevent coastal erosion, provide hiding places and habitats

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34

how are beavers keystone species?

make areas of still water

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35

how much of earth's surface do saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover?

almost 3/4

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36

functions of aquatic environments

  • dissolves nutrients --> cycles

  • dilutes toxins

  • prevents changes in temp

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37

intertidal zone

area btwn high and low tide

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38

what do organisms in the intertidal zone have to deal with?

  • changing temp

  • changing salinity

  • wave action

  • desiccation (drying out)

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39

estuaries and coastal wetlands

  • centers of productivity

  • where fresh and salt water mixes

  • plants have to be salt tolerant

  • tolerant of change in temp/salinity

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40

where are estuaries and coastal wetlands located?

  • water along coast that is partially surrounded by land

  • river mouths, inlets, bay, salt marches in temperate zones

  • mangrove forests in tropical zones

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41

halophytes

salt grass, pickleweed, cordgrass

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42

estuaries and coastal wetlands natural services

  • filter toxic pollutants

  • remove excess plant nutrients

  • trap sediment in runoff

  • absorb waves --> erosion protection

  • storing excess water --> prevents flooding

  • provide food, habitats and nursery sites for many aquatic species

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43

macro

seen w/o microscope

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44

invertebrates

animals w/o backbone

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45

aquatic macroinvertebrates

valuable indicators of health of aquatic environment

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46

benthic

  • typically found on bottom of stream/lake and do not move over large distances

  • small, not move quiz/easily (away from pollution)

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47

dif environmental stressors for macroinvertebrate species

pollution, sediment loading, habitat changes

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48

what can indicate condition of body of water?

quantifying diversity and density of dif macroinverts at given site

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49

intolerant vs tolerant macroinverts

  • intolerant: die when exposed to environmental stressor

  • tolerant: move in and often inhabit spaces vacated by intolerant organisms when exposed to environmental stressor

  • result in dif populations of organisms

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50

what type of macroinverts will be in a healthy body of water?

intolerant species

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51

intolerant macroinverts

  • mayflies (ephemeroptera)

  • stoneflies (plecoptera)

  • caddisflies (tricoptera)

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52

tolerant macroinverts

  • leeches (hirudinea)

  • tubifex worms ( tubifex sp)

  • pouch snails (gastropoda)

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53

barrier islands

low, narrow, sandy islands that form offshore from a coastline --> protect coast, erosion

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54

what protects land from erosion by sea?

primary and secondary dunes on gently sloping sand, barrier beaches

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55

what are reasons for variation in amount of oxygen in water?

  • number of consumers (respiration)

  • number of producers (photosynthesis)

  • number of decomposers (bacteria can take high lots of oxygen)

  • temp (cold hold more)

  • turgidity (rough water dissolves more)

  • turbidity (how cloudy water is)

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56

source zone

  • fastest flowing water

  • coldest

  • high turgidity

  • low turbidity

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57

floodplain zone

  • shallow

  • flat with slow flow

  • warm

  • nutrient rich

  • low turgidity

  • high turbidity

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58

lakes

during summer and winter, deep temperate zone lakes become stratified into temp layers that overturn

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59

overturns

equalizes temp at all depths

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60

what is brought from surface to bottom in a lake?

oxygen

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61

what is brought from bottom to surface in a lake?

nutrients

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62

thermodyne

layer btwn warmer and colder layer

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63

what causes overturn?

changed in temp from change in seasons (fall and spring)

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64

what seasons produce most defined thermoclines?

summer and winter

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65

cultural eutrophication

human inputs of nutrients from urban and agricultural areas can accelerate eutrophication process

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66

anthropogenic

human created/caused

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67

standing (lentic) water

lakes, ponds, inland wetlands

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68

flowing (lotic) systems

streams and rivers

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69

littoral zone

  • near shore

  • light can still penetrate

  • v shallow

  • lots of plants (more food, high biodiversity, more hiding spots)

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70

limnetic zone

  • not near shore

  • light kinda penetrate

  • top

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71

profundal zone

  • middle

  • dark water

  • low biodiversity

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72

benthic zone

  • decomposers

  • low light

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73

oligotrophic (poorly nourished) lake

  • newly formed lake w small supply of plant nutrient input

  • rocky bottom

  • nutrients trapped in water

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74

eutrophic (well nourished) lake

over time, sediment, organic material, inorganic nutrients wash into lakes causing excessive plant growth

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75

inland wetlands natural services

  • natural sponges

  • provide variety of wildlife habitats

  • filter and degrade pollutants

  • reduce flooding and erosion by absorbing slowing releasing overflows

  • help replenish stream flows during dry periods

  • help recharge ground aquifers

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76

natural sponge

absorbs and stores excess water

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77

fresh water inland wetlands economic services

  • recreation

  • fish for food

  • tourism

  • jobs

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78

migration banking

  • an agreement to restore whatever wetlands u ruin

  • specifically for wetland

  • restoration, creation, enhancement for unavoidable wetland losses

  • must occur in advance of development

  • helps to consolidate small, fragmented wetland mitigation projects into larger sites

  • generally approved by wildlife agencies

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79

how to test water quality of river/lake

  • smell

  • color

  • bacteria in culture

  • turbidity

  • test nitrogen level and phosphate

  • test pH

  • examine what is living in it

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80

organisms in which area must be able to tolerate the greatest differences in salt concentrations?

estuary

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