Biology Grade 12 - National Curriculum of Pakistan

A collection of flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to the Urinary System and other biological processes defined in the Biology Grade 12 curriculum.

Biotechnology

A rapidly growing field in biology that offers numerous careers, including research, pharmaceuticals, and bioengineering.

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability by regulating its physiological processes.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

Glomerular Filtration

The process where blood is filtered in the glomerulus under high pressure, producing a filtrate that eventually becomes urine.

Peristalsis

A wave-like muscle contraction that propels food through the digestive tract.

Ammonotelic

Organisms that excrete ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste, typically aquatic animals.

Ureotelic

Organisms that primarily excrete urea, which is less toxic than ammonia and requires less water for excretion.

Uricotelic

Organisms that excrete uric acid as their main nitrogenous waste, often seen in terrestrial invertebrates and birds.

Kidney Stones

Hard, crystalline mineral materials that can form in the kidneys or urinary tract, often requiring medical intervention to remove.

Dialysis

A medical process that filters toxins from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so.

Sinoatrial Node

The primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium; it initiates the heartbeat.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

Acid-Base Balance

The mechanism which maintains the pH levels of the blood and bodily fluids to ensure proper physiological function.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.

Homeostasis

The regulation of internal conditions in a biological system to maintain a stable, constant condition.

Pulmonary Circulation

The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

Osmoregulation

The process of maintaining water and electrolyte balance in the body.