Ana209 Exam 2 Terms

Skeletal Muscle

This type of muscle is the most common tissue in the body. It provides the basis for movement through its attachment to the bones in the body. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

How may types of muscle are there?

Three. Name them.

Myology

The study of the muscular system

What does the term “muscular system” refer to? Be specific

Skeletal muscle and only skeletal muscle.

Heat production, glycemic control, movement, control of body openings & passages, and stability are what?

Functions of Muscles

Glycemic control

Absorb, store and use glucose

Heat production

Necessary for enzyme function

What are the properties of muscles?

Excitability (react to stimuli) , conductivity (spread electrical impulse through muscle cell) , contractility (shorten when stimulated), extensibility (can stretch without harm), and elasticity(can recoil from stretch).

Cardiac Muscle

Striated and involuntary muscles. Cardiocytes or myocytes

Myocytes

the smallest subunit of all muscular tissues and organs throughout the body

Cardiocytes

the cell responsible for the contraction of the heart

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary and non-striated. Fusiform shape (almost almond shaped, with tapering at end).

Examples of smooth muscle

Urinary bladder, male and female genitalia, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract are examples.

Examples of cardiac muscles

Right ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, atriums, etc.

Examples of skeletal muscles

hamstrings, abdominal muscles, shoulder muscles.

Hemostasis

_______ refers to the physiological process that stops bleeding from damaged blood vessels. It involves a series of events that work together to form a blood clot, which seals the damaged vessel and prevents further bleeding. _________ includes three main steps: vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.

Thrombocytosis

_____ is a medical condition in which there is an abnormally high number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are small blood cells that play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming blood clots. ________ can be either primary, which is caused by a problem with the bone marrow that produces too many platelets, or secondary, which is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as inflammation or cancer. Symptoms of ________may include blood clots, bleeding, or no symptoms at all, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Cell name of Skeletal muscles

Myofibers

Cell name of Smooth muscles

Myocytes

Cell name of Cardiac muscle

Cardiocytes

Connective tissue present in skeletal muscle fibers (name from inner layer to outer layer)

Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium, Fascia

What is a Endomysium

surrounds each muscle fiber, outer most layer of connective tissue muscle

What is a Perimysium

surrounds groups of muscle fibers-known as fascicles

What is a Epimysium

surrounds the entire muscle

What is a Fascia

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles and muscle groups

What is the most important muscle for smiling?

Zygomaticus major and minor

What muscle closes the mouth?

Orbicularis oris

what muscle helps to blows air?

diaphragm

what muscles help to kiss?

Orbicularis oris (close lips)

Muscles that form the abdominal wall.

external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominal, and rectus abdominal

Most important muscle for standing up after touching toes

erector spinae muscles

Most important muscle for “up” part of sit-ups

rectus abdominis muscle

Most important muscle for push-ups

pectoralis major, triceps brachii and anterior deltoids. I believe the pectoralis major is the most important though.

Explain how the diaphragm contracts

it flattens and moves downwards towards the abdomen. Then, the volume of the thoracic cavity (space containing lungs and heart) increases in volume. The downward movement of the diaphragm creates a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs through the nose and mouth. The process is called inhalation or inspiration. As the diaphragm contracts, the abdominal organs are smooshed down causing the belly to expand out.

What are the “SITS” muscles?

part of the rotator cuff. They are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. They provide stability of shoulder joints during movement. They help in activities such as throwing, reaching, and lifting.

Supraspinatus

This muscle is located on the top of the shoulder blade (scapula) and attaches to the top of the humerus bone. It is responsible for initiating the movement of the arm away from the body (abduction) and helps to hold the humerus bone in place in the shoulder socket.

Infraspinatus

This muscle is located on the back of the shoulder blade and attaches to the back of the humerus bone. It is responsible for external rotation of the arm (turning the arm outward) and helps to stabilize the shoulder joint during movement.

Teres minor

This muscle is located on the back of the shoulder blade, below the infraspinatus muscle, and attaches to the back of the humerus bone. It is responsible for external rotation of the arm and also helps to stabilize the shoulder joint during movement.

Subscapularis

This muscle is located on the front of the shoulder blade and attaches to the front of the humerus bone. It is responsible for internal rotation of the arm (turning the arm inward) and helps to hold the humerus bone in place in the shoulder socket.