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Cell Theory
The three components are: 1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2) The cell is the basic unit of life. 3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Organelle
Small specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells that do not have a nucleus, such as bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that have a nucleus and organelles, including animal and plant cells.
Nucleus
The part of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic information, determining traits and controlling cell functions.
Double Helix
The structure of DNA, resembling a twisted ladder.
Nucleotide
The building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Chromatin
Loose DNA in the nucleus, present when the cell is not dividing.
Chromosomes
Condensed DNA that is formed during cell division.
Karyotype
A picture of chromosomes used to check for genetic disorders.
Genes
Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Cell Division
The process for growth, repair, and reproduction, including mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
The splitting of the cytoplasm to form two identical daughter cells.
Diploid
A cell with a full set of chromosomes (46 in humans).
Haploid
A cell with half the number of chromosomes (23 in gametes).
Meiosis I
The phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate.
Meiosis II
The phase of meiosis where sister chromatids separate.
Spermatogenesis
The process by which male gametes (sperm cells) are produced.
Oogenesis
The process by which female gametes (egg cells) are produced.
Crossing Over
A process during Prophase I of meiosis that increases genetic variation.
Trimesters of Human Development
The three stages of pregnancy: First (organ formation), Second (growth and movement), Third (final development and fat storage).
Prophase I (Meiosis)
The first phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs, increasing genetic variation.
Metaphase I (Meiosis)
The stage where homologous chromosome pairs align at the center of the cell before being separated.
Anaphase I (Meiosis)
The phase where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I (Meiosis)
The stage where the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes.
Prophase II (Meiosis)
The stage where the chromosomes condense again in each of the two daughter cells, preparing for a second division.
Metaphase II (Meiosis)
The stage where chromosomes align at the center of each daughter cell before being separated.
Anaphase II (Meiosis)
The phase where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the daughter cells.
Telophase II (Meiosis)
The stage where the nuclear membranes re-form and the cell divides, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
Prophase (Mitosis)
The phase where chromosomes condense and become visible; the nuclear membrane starts to break down.
Metaphase (Mitosis)
The stage where chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, ensuring equal separation.
Anaphase (Mitosis)
The phase where sister chromatids are pulled apart and moved toward opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase (Mitosis)
The final stage where the nuclear membranes re-form around the separated sister chromatids, and the cell prepares to divide.
Cytokinesis (Mitosis)
The process where the cytoplasm splits, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
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