Phyisological Bases of Sport and Exercise Exam 4

UNT 3080 (cumulative)

What’s the most common field test for Body Comp?

Skin Fold

What the perferred body comp test?

Dexa scan

Which sport is most likely to have disordered eating?

aesthetic sports (dancing, gymnastics, etc.), weight class sports, endurance sports

Female athlete Triad

aesthetic sports (dancing, gymnastics, etc.), weight class sports, endurance sports

under 12% body fat

1. not enough calories

2. no period - Amenorrhea

3. loss of bone density

ORDER → low energy availability, secondary amenorrhea, low bone mass

Cons of excessive weight loss

dehydration, fatique

Appropiate weight loss

½-1 kilos per week or 1-2 pounds per week

diet and exercise

Acceptable Macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)

Carbs - 45-65%

Fats - 20-35%

Protein - 10-35%

(Athlete protein - 1.6-1.8 per 1 pound)/1.2-1.7 (normal)

What happens when you have excessive carbs?

Glycogen storage increases - → long period of time - then goes to fat

carb loading - 2-3 days before event (helps increase time before exhaustion) - helps athletes run longer without getting fatiqued (70% VO2max)

What are the antioxidant vitamens?

C and E

What does Vitamen B do?

helps with metabolism to make ATP in the Krebbs and ETC cycles!

Sports sodium drink

helps with thirst drive, fluid absorption,

Amphetamines

Ergogenic stimulant

Imporved sport performance

addicitve - Banned by all sports

Beta Blockers

blocks actions of epinphrine and norepinephrine (relax smooth muscle - heart)

Athletes - helps the shakes, less nervous (banned)

Caffine

stimulant, like amphetimines but safer at correct dosage,

improves focus and cognitivie function

Anabolic Steroids

Testosterone

increase muscle strength and size

high dosage = works better

Neg. effects - decreases natural production of testosterone, low sperm count, erectile dysfunction)

Blood Dopping

mainly endurance ahtletes

Draw blood - freeze it and wait 6 weeks (required), mostly 1 L of blood

adds new RBCs, increased hematocrit

cons - bloods thicker - prone to clots

Bicarbonate

acts as a buffer AKA Bicarbonate Buffering System (PCO2)

how we regulate blood pH (acid-base balance)

how CO2 is transported

Increased Ventilation

Creatine

increased muscle phosphate creatine

most benefical for Sprinting and weight lifting

faster recovery times

BIA - Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

electricity to measure body comp.

Fat - electricty moves slow

lean - electricity moves fast

Bones

Calcium reservoir

Bone density peaks @ 30 (25-30)

Kids exercise

resistence and areobic

1. fat loss and increased lean mass

2. recommended 60 minutes per day (week)

3. Neurological changes are higher than hypertrophy (muscle size increase)

4. Testosterone - puberty - big change in muscles and strength

Adults exercise

Areobic/VO2max loss

• 10% per decade/1%per year

Women

• more prone to ostopersose after menopause AKA loss of estrogen!

Older pop.

• best type of training → RESISTANCE

• 60+ → -30% of protein synthesis (negaitve) compared to YA

• enduarnce → loss in fat mass and body weight, increase in lean mass,

• weight lifting- increase in muscle cross-sectional area, same as YA

What’s the formula for Max HR?

220 (minus) age in years

ex: 220 - 20 = max HR is 200

Figured out through taking a STRESS TEST! need to use all effort!

Men vs Women exercise

• muscle QUALITY is the SAME

• NO difference in training!!!

• difference in strength TAKEN AWAY when there’s no fat mass

• Women

  • lower VO2max, smaller hearts, etc.

  • Female Athlete Triad

• Pregnacy

  • safe for weight lifting and endurance

  • AVOID contact sports

Osteoporosis

not enough calcium in your bones - become brittle

more likely to develop if you are seditary

Amenorrhea

Whos most likely to have Disordered Eating?

Young female atheltes - aesthetic sports

Testosterone

increases RBC production and bone density

What is the leading cause of death?

Cardiovascular Disease

Heart attack

Chest pain

heart disease

prone → Having a high LDLs, low HDL

rehab - RESISTENCE and AEROBIC training!

Deaths during exercise?

RARE!

despite the fact is raises BP, the benefits outway the risk!

Exercise

decreased body weight, improved blood lipids, lowers BP, and increases lean mass

EXAM - The most widely applied field technique for assessing body compositon is…

a. Skinfold fat thickness

b. DEXA

c. air plethysmography

d. underwater weighing

A

EXAM - In which one of three sports are women most susceptible to the Female Athlete Triad?

a. gymnastics

b. softball

c. basketball

d. field hockey

A

EXAM - Which of these is not an effect of sodium in a sport drink?

a. stimulates thirst

b. improves palatability

c. stimulates aldosterone release

d. enhances water absorption

C

EXAM - The best way to lose weight in preparation for an upcoming competition season is to…

a. lose 6 to 8 ibs per week on a crash diet

b. fast two to three times a week

c. lose 0.5 to 1 kg per week by kilocalerie restriction and exercise

d. aim to lose just water weight

C

EXAM - Which of these is not a consequence of excessive weight loss?

a. chronic fatique

b. improved performance

c. menstrual disorders

d. dehydration

B

High levels of muscle strength, power, and skill are not possible in children until _______ occurs.

a. aerobic training

b. an increased heart rate

c. enhanced groth hormone secretion

d. nerve myelination

D

At a given absolute submaximal intensity, a child’s heart rate is…

a. lower than an adults

b. higher than adults

c. the same as an adult

d. the same as maximal heart rate

B

Which fuel substrate do children rely on more during aerobic exercise?

a. protein

b. carbohydrates

c. nucleic acid

d. fat

D

Why are children at higher risk for excessive convection heat transfer?

a. higher surface-area-to-mass ratio

b. lower total blood volume

c. lower sweat secretion

d. lower surface-area-to-mass ratio

A and C

The ISCOLE study, whcih examined the activity of 7,000 children from 12 different countries, concluded that ______ min per day is optimal amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to combat obesity.

a. 20

b. 45

c. 55

d. 80

C

In which type of resistance would the weight lifted by woemn come closest to match the weight lifted by men (regardless of training status)?

a. bench press

b. squats

c. bicep curls

d. tricep dips

B

Stroke volume in women is ______ than in men due to _______.

a. lower; smaller heart size

b. higher; higher blood volume

c. no different; reduced preload but greater contractility

d. lower; higher afterload

A

in women, strength gains from resistance trainign are a result of…

a. muscle hypertrophy only

b. neural adaptations only

c. both muscle hypertrophy and neural adaptations

d. factors other than mucles hypertrophy and neural adaptations

C

Which time sequence of causes and consequences of the female athlete triad is correct?

a. low energy availablitiy, low bone mass, secondary amenorrhea

b. secondary amenorrhea, low energy availaility, and low bone mass

c. low energy availability, secondary amenorrhea, low bone mass

d. low bone mass, secondary amenorrhea, low energy availablility

C

Which of the following is NOT a risk to fetal health when pregnant women exercise?

a. acute hyperoxia

b. acute hypoxia

c. acute hyperthermia

d. acute reduction in glucose availability

A

Actin

Thin Filament, two other proteins (Troponin and Tropomyosin), heads bind to myosin binding sites - pulled towards the center for contraction

Myosin

Thick filament binds to actin from myosin heads during an AP. Pulls Actin towards the middle during contraction

Troponin

Calcium binds to troponin during AP (happens in SR). Moves Tropomyosin out of the way for the actin to bind to the myosin heads.

Tropomyosin

Blocks the actin-binding (myosin) in the sacromeres. moves when calcium binds troponin.

Titian

Structural - stabilizes myosin. a little contractable.

Muscle Fiber type 1

Endurance, Aerobic exercises (phosphoraltion), high myoglobin count, high mitrochondrial count, high capillary density, contract slow, less force, fatique resistant.

Muscle fiber type 2

Anaerobic exercises (less than two minutes), fatiques quickly, more force, low myoglobin count, lower mitrochondrial count, and low capillary density.

• type 2a - Less fatigue resistant compared to 1, more force than 1, anaerobic (glycolysis), fatigue

• type 2x - Less fatigue resistant compared to 2a, more force than 2a, anaerobic (glycolysis), greatest fatigue.

Myosin ATPase

Regulates how quickly the muscle contracts. Velocity

Type 1 - quickest

Type 2a - middle

Type 2x - quickest

Recruitment order: Type 1 → Type 2a → Type 2x

Where is Calcium stored for an AP?

SR

What is the rate limiting enzyme ofr ATP-PCr system?

Creatine Kinase (CK)

Rate Limiting Enzyme for the APT Phosphate Creatine Cycle, controls how musch ATP is made. Negative feedback system - more ATP less CK, less ATP more CK.

What’s the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis?

PFK

determines how fast we lose glucose, rate limiting enzyme. Low ATP, High ADP = high PFK

High ATP = low PFK

AcetylCoA

can come from carbs, AA, and Fats —> turned into glucose

1 glucose = 2 AcetylCoa

starts the Krebbs cycle! (gives 2 full cycles)

End products of Krebbs cycle?

3 NDAHs and 1 FDAH2 1 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

using the hydrogens ATP produced equals:

3 NDAH = 3 ATP

1 FDAH2 = 2 ATP

Which system is used for a 100 m run?

ATP-PCr system

Which system is used for a 800 m run?

Glycolysis

Which system is used for a long distance run?

Krebs Cycle

Anerobic vs Anaerobic - when to use

less than two mins - anaerobic

marathon - aerobic

Steriod Hormones

Lipid based (cholestrol), can go through cell membrane, ex: sex hormones, aldosterone, cortisol. Receptors inside of cell

Non-steriod Hormones

nonlipid based, cannot go through cell membrane, two types - 1) Amino Acid and 2) Protein-Peptide based, receptor on outside of cell = second messanger system and goes into the DNA and starts gene transcription.

Exercise - Insulin and Glucogon

reduces insulin and glucose sensitive raises in the muscles. Good for type 2 diabetics - more glucose into muscles. Increases glucagon productivity.

Cardiac Muscle

single nucleus, intercalated discs, calcium transport to help with contractions

Which is the thickest wall and greatest response to training? (heart)

LV

Blood path through the Heart

Pulmonary circulation: deoxygenated blood

Sup. & Infer. vena cava → RA → tricuspid valve → RV → pulmonary valve → pul. arteries → lungs

Systematic circulation: oxygenated blood

Lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → mitral valve → LV → aoritc valve →arota

Cadiac Cycle

Beating motion - Systole (1/3), arteries beat

Resting/filling motion - Diastole (2/3), arteries rest

(BLOOD PRESSURE)

Stroke Volume

EDV (lblood in venrticles before contraction) - ESV (blood left in ventricles after the beat)

Epi and norepin. increase stroke volume → increased contractility (beat harder = more blood)

Spirometry (Pulmonary Capacity)

shows lung capacity, volumes, and flow rates → Called a Forced VC Test!

Tidal Volume (TV) - in and out per breath [regular breathing]

Vital Capacity (VC) - Max expired [all air pushed out forcefully (ERV) after forced inhalation (IRV)]

Residual Volume (RV) - [air after VC]

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - [VC + RV]

What determines the rate of pulmonary diffusion (gas exchange)

the partial pressure (PP) of gases

-how much O2 and CO2 leaves?

Venous pressure in capillaries vs arterial pressure alveloi (lungs)

O2 - Venous [40 mmHg] to alveloi [105 mmHg] = 65 mmHg different so it flows into capillaries better

CO2 - Venous [46 mmHg] to alveloi [40 mmHg] = 6 mmHg different so it crosses the cell membrane better

Oxhemoglobin Curve

moves right during exercise, O2 offloading is easier to working muscles, increases temperature and decreases pH. 

Cardiovascular Drift

increase in HR to maintain current Cardiac Output @ constent intensity

Associated with increased temp. and dehydration

run out of water → HR increases

skin blood flow increases while plasma volume (sweating) decreases as well as venous preloading/reture

Hyperventilation

decreases needed to breath since you are puhing out excess O2

happens when you have excessive PCO2!!!!!!!

Adaptation of strength

FIIT guidelines = Intensity and/or Volume is what we can manipulate the most! 

Intensity - same number of reps but weight is heavier

Volume - weight stays the same but number of reps go up

Pylometric training

advantage is that it triggers the muscles ‘stretch reflex’ (rapid stretch, no time to relax) - box jump down then immediately back into a jump aka no pause

Isotonic

weight constant, velo different (change)

Isokinetic

velo constant, resistent different

Isometric

no change in muscle length - ex: plank

Neuromuscular changes

highly adapatable, more synchronism = more force, motor recruitment = increased rate coding

-Men have highest adaptability to strength development (testosterone)

VO2max

for untrained athletes, increases up to 20-30% for only 3-6 months after that, progress is by lactate threshold.

[Cardiac Output max x (a-v)O2 difference]

Left ventricle - adapts most with training, internal volume increases, more cardiac muscle fibers = higher SV.

PP of O2

159 mmHg at sea level

At Alt.

humidity is lower - air is drier so risk for dehydration

at risk for sun burn is less air resistence

Evaporation increases, sweating increases, ventilation increases with HR and Cardiac output

SV decreases due to altitude

Heat Exposure

increased blood volume, sweat rate and earlier, HR.

Evaporation

PRIMARY in heat (sweat - regulate body temperature)

Zero Gravity effects

loss of muscle mass, loss in strength, and loss in capillary muscle fiber density

An example of an energy substrate is

a. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

b. Palmitic acid (from triglyceride)

c. phosophofructokinase

d. creatine kinase

b

Which of the substrates stores in the body can provide the most overall kilocalories?

a. glycogen

b. phospholipids

c. proteins

d. triglycerides

d

For aerobic metabolism, free fatty acids must be converted to acetyl-CoA via

a. the Krebs cycle

b. the electron transport chain

c. Beta-oxidation

d. the citric acid cycle

c

In which part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

a. plasma membrane

b. nucleus

c. cytosol

d. mitrochondria

d

The anaerobic glycolytic system would be the primary source of ATP for which running event?

a. 100 m

b. 800 m (1/2 mi)

c. 3,200 m (2 mi)

d. marathon

b

Which of the following is a key characterstic of steriod hormones?

a. short half-life

b. derived from amino acid

c. nonspecific cellular receptors

d. lipid soluble

d

Nonsteroid hormones are characteristically

a. cholestrol/lipid based

b. glucose/carbohydrate based

c. amino acid/protein based

d. RNA/nucleic acid based

c

An increase in plasma asmolarity is the stimulus for release of

a. aldosterone

b. erthropoietin

c. ADH

d. renin

a and c

Leptin

a. is an indicator of energy balance

b. is secreted from adipose tissue

c. increases satiety

d. all of these

d

Erthropoiesis increases oxygen delivery to the exercising muscle by increasing

a. the number of red blood cells only

b. the volume of blood pumped with every heartbeat only

c. the number of both red and white blood cells

d. the number of red blood cells and the volume of blood pumped

d