Chapter 8 review

Joint

place where two or more bones meet

synarthroses

immovable joint

amphiarthroses

slightly moveable joint

diarthroses

freely movable joint

cartilaginous joint

joint where articulating bones are joined with cartilage

fibrous joint

joint where bones are joined by fibrous tissue

gomphoses

fibrous joint that resembles a peg-in-socket

syndesmoses

fibrous joint containing fibers of varying lengths

symphyses

cartilaginous joint containing a pad of shock-absorbing cartilage

synchondroses

cartilaginous joint containing a plate or bar of cartilage

reinforcing ligaments

band-like structures that strengthen a synovial joint

articular cartilage

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers bones that articulate

circumduction

moving in a circular motion

opposition

thumb and index finger pressed together

translation

gliding movement; queen wave

flexion

decreasing the joint angle

rotation

looking side to side

plantar flexion

pointing toes up

elevation

moving body part in superior direction

eversion

soles pointed outward

protraction

sticking out your jaw to create an underbite

abduction

movement away from the body’s midline

depression

movement in an inferior direction

inversion

soles together

retraction

pulling jaw in creating an overbite

hyperextension

tilting your head back

supination

palms upward

pronation

palms downward

extension

straightened limbs

hinge joint

synovial joint where the cylinder shape of one bone fits into the trough of another bone

ball and socket joint

synovial joint where the spherical end of one bone articulates with a cup-shaped depression of another bone

saddle joint

synovial joint where the concave surface of one bone meets the convex surface of another bone

pivot joint

synovial joint where a ring of bones or ligaments surrounds the rounded end of another bone

condyloid joint

synovial joint where the oval shape of one bone fits into the depression on another bone

plane joint

synovial joint where both articulating surfaces are flat

functional classes of joints

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

structural classes of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

types of fibrous joints

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

types of cartilaginous joints

sychondroses and symphyses

features of synovial joint

articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments

factors that influence the stability of a joint

socket depth, number of ligaments, number of muscle tendons