WCHS Mr. Alasti PLTW HBS Human Body Systems 2.1 Unit Test

What two systems of the body are involved in communication, response, & function regulation?

Nervous & endocrine systems

What kind of signals does the nervous system use?

Electrical signals

What kind of signals does the endocrine system use?

Chemical signals (hormones)

What are the two subsystems of the nervous system?

Central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What parts of the body does the CNS contain?

Brain & spinal cord

What parts of the body does the PNS contain?

A system of nerve cells that transmit information to and from the control center

How do the PNS & CNS work together?

To ensure that important information gets to your brain to be processed & interpreted & that the correct response is generated

What subsystem of the nervous system is pictured?

CNS

What subsystem of the nervous system is pictured?

PNS

What is the main organ of the nervous system?

The brain

What is the key to communication in the human body?

The brain

What are the 3 distinct structures of the brain?

• Cerebrum (divided into 4 lobes)

• Cerebellum

• Brain stem

Cerebrum

Composed of right and left hemispheres & is the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, & other highly complex functions of the CNS

Cerebellum

A large part of the brain, concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, located between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum

Brain stem

The part of the brain that is composed of the midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata & connects the spinal cord with the forebrain & cerebrum

Label the image

1. Cerebrum

2. Cerebellum

3. Pons

4. Brain stem

5. Medulla oblongata

Label the image

1. Sensory cortex

2. Parietal lobe

3. Motor cortex

4. Frontal lobe

5. Occipital lobe

6. Temporal lobe

Label the image

1. Cerebrum

2. Corpus callosum

3. Thalamus

4. Hypothalamus

5. Hippocampus

6. Pituitary gland

7. Pons

8. Cerebellum

Gyri

A ridge between anatomical grooves

Sulci

A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri

Cerebral cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, also known as “gray matter”

Olfactory Nerve

Relays information about the sense of smell

Optic Nerve

Relays information about the sense of sight

What do messages sent around the body help maintain?

Homeostasis

What kind of signal is an action potential?

Electrical signal

What kind of signal can a nerve generate and send?

An electrical signal (action potential)

Action Potential

A brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron

How does an electrical signal travel down a neuron?

It travels down the axon and passed its message to the next neuron down the line

Ions

Small, electrically charged atoms or molecules (ex: sodium or potassium)

What impacts the overall charge of the inside and outside of the cell?

The number of ions

How is electricity created within a cell?

The sudden reversal of the overall charge of the cell

What does the sudden reversal of the overall charge of the cell produce?

A nerve impulse

What does a nerve impulse allow neurons to do?

It allows neurons to transmit electrical signals from one cell to the next

What are sodium and potassium channels designed to do?

To allow ions to move back and forth across the cell membrane, and they are specific to the ions that they transport

True or false: Channels such as potassium or sodium channels move ions in ONE specific direction, like a one way door

True

What direction does the potassium channel move ions?

Out of the cell

What direction does the sodium channel move ions?

Into the cell

What does the sodium potassium pump do?

Moves sodium & potassium ions back to the side where they started

Does the sodium potassium pump use energy to do its job?

Yes, in the form of ATP

How many of each ion does the sodium potassium pump move?

3 sodium ions out & 2 potassium ions in

Resting Potential

When the outside of the cell is more positively charged in comparison to the inside of the cell

What helps to maintain resting potential until the neuron receives a signal?

The sodium potassium pump

What happens when a neuron receives a signal?

Sodium channels along the membrane open, while the potassium channel stays closed, allowing sodium to rush into the cell, reversing the charge of the cell (inside is now more positive)

Depolarization

When the inside of the cell becomes more positive due to a rush of sodium particles, generating the electrical signal

What happens as depolarization occurs down the entire membrane of a neuron?

The action potential moves along the length of the axon, passing along the signal

Repolarization

The act of the cell returning to its resting potential (+ on the outside & - on the inside), when channel doors switch (potassium open & sodium shut), allowing potassium to move back out of the cell

Label the image

1. Sodium ion

2. Potassium ion

3. Sodium-potassium pump

4. ATP

Label the graph

1. Depolarization

2. Repolarization

3. Hyperpolarization

Synaptic Cleft

The small space between the sending cell & the receiving cell

What could the receiving cell be when neurons send an action potential?

Another neuron, or a target cell such as a muscle or gland

What do the small sacs or vesicles within the axon terminals contain?

Chemical signals, called neurotransmitters

True or false: Different classes of neurons contain different types of neurotransmitters?

True

What allows you to sense, think, and respond?

The coordination of electrical & chemical signals

What happens when a nerve impulse arrives at the axon terminal?

It causes calcium ions to move into the cell through calcium channels, which are small gates within the cell membrane

When calcium ions move into cells, what does it allow the vesicles to do?

Fuse with the membrane & release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

What happens once neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft?

They bind to receptor proteins on the receiving cell, which are specific to the type of neurotransmitter that binds to them

What occurs when neurotransmitters bind to receptors?

The neurotransmitters activate specific ion channels in the cell membrane of the receiving cell, causing depolarization, making the receiving cell become a sending cell

What happens when a signal passes to a muscular gland?

The signal moves across the neuromuscular junction & activates muscle cells to generate contraction

Reflex

An automatic response to a stimulus that doesn’t reach the level of consciousness

Reaction

A thoughtful response to external stimuli in which the brain processes the nerve impulse before reacting

Reaction Time

The time it takes for your brain to receive and process input, interpret the information, and control muscle movement to produce a reaction

Is it possible to improve your reaction time or reflexes?

Reaction time

Differential Diagnosis

A list of all potential diseases, disorders, or conditions that could be causing a patient’s symptoms

Give examples of voluntary actions of the nervous system, and what subsystem of the PNS controls them?

The somatic system controls things like walking, running, writing, typing, throwing a ball, speaking, etc.

Give examples of involuntary actions of the nervous system, and what subsystem of the PNS controls them?

The autonomic system controls things like your heart beating, breathing, digestion of food, sweating, pupil dilation or constriction, etc.

What part of the brain controls vision?

Occipital

What part of the brain controls muscle coordination?

Cerebellum

What part of the brain controls breathing?

Medulla oblongata

What part of the brain controls happiness?

Amygdala

What part of the brain controls language understanding?

Temporal lobe

What part of the brain controls thirst and hunger?

Hypothalamus

What part of the brain controls speech production?

Frontal lobe

What part of the brain controls movement?

Motor cortex

What part of the brain controls smell?

Frontal lobe

What part of the brain controls reasoning?

Frontal lobe

What part of the brain controls long-term memory?

Hippocampus

What part of the brain controls hearing?

Temporal lobe

What part of the brain controls bodily sensations (touch, temperature, & pain)?

Parietal lobe

What part of the brain controls taste?

Sensory cortex

What part of the brain controls blood pressure regulation?

Medulla oblongata

What part of the brain controls sleeping and waking?

Hypothalamus

What part of the brain controls balance?

Cerebellum

What part of the brain controls problem-solving?

Frontal lobe

What part of the brain controls stress?

Amygdala

What is another name for an interneuron?

Relay or association

What is the most common type of sensory neuron?

Psuedounipolar

What starts an action potential?

Depolarization, the reversal of charge typically from nerve impulses

What kind of rare sensory neurons are located in our face?

Bipolar

What are the most common type of neuron (specifically interneurons and motor neurons)?

Multipolar

What structures are located in the axon terminals? What is within those?

Vesicles; neurotransmitters

What kind of neuron is pictured?

Multipolar

What kind of neuron is pictured?

Unipolar

What kind of neuron is pictured?

Bipolar

What kind of neuron is pictured?

Psuedounipolar

Parkinson’s Disease

Caused by the death of dopamine-producing brain cells, crucial for smooth movement control. Parkinson’s causes tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and balance issues, affecting fine motor skills and coordination (PEOPLE ARE SELLING DOPE IN THE PARK)

Alzheimer’s Disease

A progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills, leading to loss of ability to perform daily tasks, personality changes, and behavioral issues (I FORGOT HOW TO SPELL ALZHEIMERS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves because of the immune system attacking the myelin sheaths, which causes nerve signals to be disrupted (MYELIN SHEATHS)

Huntington’s Disease

A fatal, inherited brain disorder causing progressive breakdown of nerve cells, leading to uncontrollable movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric problems (HUNTING BRAIN CELLS)

Epilepsy

A neurological disorder that disrupts rhythmic electrical impulse patterns that send messages. Instead of patterns, there are instead bursts of electrical energy between cells in one or more areas of the brain

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A fatal progressive neurological disorder that destroys nerve cells controlling voluntary muscles, leading to weakness and paralysis (MOTOR NEURONS)