Biodiversity and Conservation Final minus presentations

Reticulum

Digestion location in which particle separate occurs

Omasum

Digestion location in which water absorption occurs

Rumen

Digestion location in which digestion is aided by microbes and food is formed into small balls of cud

Abomasum

Digestion location in which digestive acids break down food

Allantois and chorion

The two extraembryonic membranes that form the placenta in eutherians

fused clavicles/wishbone

Archaeopteryx resembled modern birds in having this body part

allantois

The extraembryonic membrane that stores metabolic waste

Amnion

The extraembryonic membrane that provides cushioning and protection from mechanical shock

Yolk sac

The extraembryonic membrane that stores the nutrients used by the embryo during development

Chorion

The extraembryonic membrane that performs gas exchange

5,700

Number of living species of mammals

Origin of mammals

Small, ectothermic, hairless organisms that originated over 150 million years ago evolved into today’s endothermic, furry mammals

Synapsid

Skull type of mammals; associated with the attachment of mandibular muscles

Early synapsids

Group that included diverse herbivorous and carnivorous pelycosaurs

Therapsids

Group of early carnivorous synapsids; all but the cynodonts went extinct before the Mesozoic

Cynodonts

Therapsid subgroup with a high metabolic rate, a strong bite, heterodont teeth, turbinate bones in nasal cavity, secondary palate, and the loss of the lumbar ribs

Heterodont teeth

Having some pointy teeth and some flat teeth; improved food processing for a variety of foods

Turbinate bones in nasal cavity

Cynodont feature that aided in body heat retention

Secondary palate

Cynodont feature that enabled breathing while eating

Loss of lumbar ribs

Cynodont feature that is correlated with the evolution of the diaphragm

29

Number of orders of Mammalia as a whole

1

Number of orders of monotremes

7

Number of orders of marsupials

21

Number of orders of placental mammals

Hair

Characteristic of all mammals, but can be reduced in thickness or number; grows continuously via rapid proliferation of cels

Hair follicle

Location of hair growth; an epidermal structure that is sunk into the dermis of the skin

Cortex

Part of mammal hair; strongest part of the hair and contains the pigments; internal

Cuticle

Part of mammal hair; covers the hair in scales; external

Medulla

Part of mammal hair; innermost part

Under hair

Dense and soft hair that serves as insulation by trapping a layer of air

Guard hair

Coarse, longer hair that protects against wear and provides coloration

Aquatic under hair

Hair so dense that it is almost impossible to wet

Aquatic guard hair

Hair that adheres to each other when wet, forming a protective layer over the under hairs

Hair adaptations

Disguising presence, sensory purposes, and protection

Hair that disguises presence

Often has a disruptive pattern to conceal the animal

Vibrissae

Also known as whiskers; sensory hairs

Porcupines, hedgehogs, and echidnas

Mammals with hair modified into spines

Pangolins

Mammals with hair modified into scales

Mammal skin

Thicker than in other vertebrates and comprised of an epidermis and dermis, with a dermis that is thicker than the epidermis

Integumentary glands

Derived from the epidermis and serve a variety of purposes, with four main categories: sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary

Sweat

Type of integumentary gland that helps with thermoregulation

Scent

Type of integumentary gland that can be used for communication

Sebaceous

Type of integumentary gland that protects the hair

Mammary

Type of integumentary gland that is a modification of the sweat gland in order to nourish the young

Heterodont and diphydont

The two types of teeth that most mammals have

Incisors

Teeth with sharp edges for snipping or biting

Canines

Teeth that are specialized for piercing

Premolar and molar

Teeth with compressed crowns and one or more cusps for shearing, slicing, crushing, and grinding; never replaced

Diphydont

Teeth type that do not continually get replaced; present in most mammals

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth; teeth that are lost and then replaced

Insectivore

Trophic category of mammal with a short intestine and no cecum

Nonruminant herbivore

Trophic category of mammal with a simple stomach, large cecum, and colon

Ruminant herbivore

Trophic category of mammal with a four chambered stomach including a large rumen, a long small intestine, and a colon

Carnivore

Trophic category of mammal with a short small intestine and colon, and a small cecum

Bats

Only mammal that can fly; usually nocturnal or crepuscular, and often have echolocation

Crepuscular

Active at twilight

Monotremes

Egg laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus; usually have a cloaca and are not entirely homeothermic, meaning they are poor at maintaining a constant body temperature during extreme conditions

Platypi

Have electroreceptors in their bill to help locate prey

Marsupials

Group of mammals in which the embryo develops within the choriovitelline placenta in the uterus before it is born early and continues development in a marsupium; brief gestation and prolonged lactation with maternal care; includes opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

Marsupium

A maternal pouch in marsupials in which the young continues development

Marsupial embryo

Encapsulated by a shell membrane and floats free in the uterine fluid for several days, before it “hatches” and erodes a shallow depression i the uterine wall, through which it absorbs nutrients from the yolk sac

4,000

Number of species of placental mammals

Eutherians

Another name for placental mammals

Placental mammals

Have a more complex placenta than marsupials; young complete development in the uterus; viviparous; long gestation period that increases with species size

Placental mammal embryo

First nourished in the uterus through the chorvitelline placenta, which is then replaced in most with the chorioallantoic placenta, both of which are highly vascularized, allowing for nutrients, water, and gas to diffuse between mother and young

15,000

Number of bird species

Common bird traits

Forelimbs modified as wings; hindlegs adapted for walking, swimming or perching; beaks, and the laying of eggs

Wings

Part of the bird designed for lift and propulsion

Theropod dinosaurs

Origin of birds; group of dinosaurs with a long, mobile, s-shaped neck like birds

Dromeosaurs

Subgroup within theropods that includes the Velociraptor and shares additional derived characteristics with birds, such as the furcula or the lunate wrist bones

Lunate wrist bones

Allows birds to fold their wings

Archaeopteryx

Fossil that demonstrated the phylogenic relatedness of birds and theropod dinosaurs

Reptile characteristics of Archaeopteryx

Teeth, wing claws, and the skeletral structure

Bird characteristic of Archaeopteryx

Feathers; may not, however, have been able to fly or glide

Neornithes

Living birds

Paleognathae/ratite birds

Subgroup of Neornithes that are large, flightliess, ostrich-like birds and kiwis; have a flat sternum with poorly developed pectoral muscles

Neognathae

Subgroup of Neornithes that is every type of bird other than the ratite birds; have a keeled sternum with powerful flight pectoral muscles

Feather

Precede birds and flight; are homologous to reptile scales; lightweight, remarkable toughness and tensile strength

Contour feathers

Vaned feathers that cover and streamline a bird’s body

Quill

The hollow, origin of the feather that connects the feather to the bird’s body; grows into the shaft

Shaft

The center vane of the feather

Barb

Small outgrowths from the shaft of a feather; make up most of the appearance of the feather

Barbules

Small outgrowths from the barbs of a feather; made up of small hooks that interlock between different barbs to hold the feather barbs together

pneumatized bones

Bones that are light and delicate with air cavities

Archosaur/bird skull

Diapsid, built lightly, and fused in one piece, with large braincase and orbits

Bird forelimb bones

Highly modified for flight, with some bones reduced in number or fused, and contain all elements of a basic vertebrate limb

Teeth

Lost in modern birds, possibly to become lighter for better flight or lost with the development of the gizzard

Digestive tract of a bird

Contains the esophagus, crop, stomach (proventriculus and gizzard), intestine, and cloaca

Crop

Pouch off the esophagus that stores food

Crop milk

Produced in few birds; regurgitated material to feed offspring

Proventriculus

Serves typical stomach purposes, such as secreting digestive enzymes

Gizzard

Breaks down food via muscles; in birds of prey, undigestable components are formed into a pellet and regurgitated

Intestine

Digestion and absorption of water and nutrients

Cloaca

Common exit for reproduction, digestion, and urinary products

Bird respiratory system

Most efficient respiratory system of any vertebrate; adapted for the high metabolic demands of flight

Finest branches of the bronchi

Do not terminate in the alveoli but are tube-like parabronchi through which air flows continuously

Air sacs

Store air; gas exchange does not occur here

Parabronchi

location of gas exchange

Flow of air

Into the posterior air sacs, then the parabronchi and into the anterior air sacs, and then out of the body

2 cycles

Number of cycles of inhalation and expiration required to remove the first inhalation of air