PSYCH 217

Development

Refers to changes and continuities over time in a person's body, thought, and behavior due to biological and environmental influences (Changes in behavior and personality but also things that stayed the same over the years)

Developmental psychologists:

Focus on common features of human development, and usually divide lifespan into developmental periods or stages that most people share

Age Grades:

Socially defined age group (Ex. Gen Z or Boomers)

 Age norms or Behavioral expectations :

At certain ages we expect people to have certain statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities. Some people expect to have kids and be married by 35. And some kids must dress their age and not inappropriately.

Social clock:

Expectations we have set for ourselves (socially)  to accomplish certain things at certain ages

What is development?

Systematic changes and continuities in the individual between conception and death

What are three broad domains of development?

Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial

What happens when one of the broad domains of development begins to decline or improve?

They interact with each other, therefore all the others would be affected

What are the Biological Factors of Development?

the genetic, neurological, or physical conditions that affect the development of an individual (our genes)

What is the Environmental Factor of Development?

the specific situations that an individual experiences and that influence behavior and development (surroundings)

What is the sociocultural Context of Development

the broad context that includes both social and cultural influences (people around us, the norms set by society)

Nature Vs. Nurture

How much of our growth is affected by one or the other? But in reality they both involve each other, but sometimes one may weigh in more

Maturation

 The unfolding of the genetic program "genes doing what they are supposed to"

Learning

 forming association

Activity

We play an active role In our development, we process our environment

Passivity

We do not play a role in our development, our surroundings form us

Development in the Pre-natal stage

Rapid changes in 8 months development is clear

Development in the 30s-40s

 Development still occurs but is less noticeable as we get older

Plasiticty

Brain changing how its connected or how it functions , other parts of the brain can take over if one part is damaged or lacking, what we are exposed to affects the wiring of the brain

Freud, Psychoanalytic POV

Our experiences in early childhood will affect our mental health later in life

Psychodynamic

Understanding behavior based on early childhood influences. Unconscious mind must be uncovered to release distress.

Watsons POV

Psychology is the study of behavior (that we can see and is measurable). Devil's advocate to Fred because Watson doesn't think the unconscious mind should be included. Our development is due to learning, we have become who we are due to environment.

Classic Conditioning

The learning or forming an association between two stimuli, forms a response it the new stimuli

Skinner, Operant Conditioning

Creating a new association with behavior and consequences

Reinforcement

Consequences that make it more likely that a behavior will occur

Punishment

Consequences that make it less likely that the behavior will occur

Bandura, Social Cognitive Theory

 (learning is more complex than just observing) 

What are the three parts of self?

Ego, Id, Superego

The Bobo Doll Experiment

Adults were filmed punching a sandbag and several versions of this video were made. Each child participating watched one of the versions of the video and it was shown that the child often mimicked what they saw. If the person in the video was reprimanded the child was less likely to hit the bobo doll, but if they were praised the kid would also act aggressively towards the bobo doll. He demonstrated that we learn by observing behavior, further more due to observing punishment or reinforcement it may alter the observers' actions

Reciprocal Determinism

It’s a cycle monkey see monkey do

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Model:

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystemic, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

Microsystem

 Individual + Immediate surroundings (individual settings impact)

Mesosystem

The way in which the different microsystem (individual and surroundings) interact

Exosystem

Outside influences affecting microsystems like the parents workplace struggles, Media, Neighbors

Macrosystem

 Broader culture like Democracy, Communism, Economies state, the cultural value system

Chronosystem

 Patterning of events overtime (What happened before and after in time)

Gottlieb

Epigenetic psychobiological systems perspective, sometimes our environment or experiences can affect how our genes present themselves or develop

Cross-sectional Design

Has multiple cohorts with information about different age differences and Cohort effects

Longitudinal Design

Time of measurement effects

Sequential Design

It takes a cross-sectional design with the long term measurement

Species Heredity

As a species we all look the same

Individual Heredity

The genetic makeup that makes us different is what sets us apart

What are chromosomes made up of?

Scrunched up DNA

DNA is?

What chromosomes are made up of, they carry genes

Genes

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

Single-gene pair inheritance

traits being linked to one of the sex chromosomes( or parents) EX. eye color, hair color

Sex-linked inheritance

Genes carried on the sex chromosome (Ex. Hemophilia and colorblindness more common in men)

Mutations

Structural changes to genes

Down Syndrome/ trisomy 21

Extra chromosome (47 total)

Fragile X syndrome

 A genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems

Turner Syndrome(X)

Missing  a sex chromosome (45 total) , genetic female (doesn’t get another sex chromosome from dad not an X or a Y)

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

Three observable sex chromosomes, but genetically male due to the Y.

Gene Environmental Interactions

 the gene affects how someone responds to the environment and the environment effects when a gene expresses itself

Gene-Enviromental Correlations

Relationship between the genes and the environment

Passive-Gene Environmental Correlations

A situation where ones genes and environment match each other because it was given to them by their parents

Evocative Gene-Environmental Correlations

 The environment affects how the genes evoke certain reactions

Active Gene-Environmental Correlations

They themselves pursue and want that in their lives (genes)

Heretability

proportion of variability in a trait within a population that can be linked to genetic differences among the people

Selective Breeding

 A method of breeding that removes undesirable traits and attempts at making the most desirable and strong offspring

Concordance Rates

The rates at which twins share likely hood of having similar disabilities or mental illnesses

Correlation

Looking at the relationship between different variables or the same variable in two different people (quantitative measurement)

Factors Contributing to individual Difference

 Genes, Shared environmental influences, Nonshared environmental influences

Prenatal Stages :

 Germinal Period: days 1-14, Embryonic period: 3rd to 8th week, Fetal period: 9th week - birth

Embryonic Period :

Organogenesis begins, development of organs

Neutral tube defects :

Occur around (day 25-29) and are Spina Bifida and Anencephaly

Spina bifida:

When the bottom part of the Neural Tube doesn't close properly. The nerves of the spinal cord are exposed through a gap in the backbone, often causing paralysis of the lower limbs.

Anencephaly:

Lacks brain development, lacking voluntary movement. Absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. (These defects are related to too little folic acid in the mother; foods fortified with folic acid reduce risk of neural tube defects)

Fetal Period:

Neuronal proliferation- especially weeks 10-12, Neuronal migration and differentiation

In the fetal period at 3 months:

Sex features are apparent but difficult to tell the sex, Arms, legs, movement

Age of Viability :

Is at 23 weeks and is the stage at which if the baby were to be born if could possibly live outside the womb but with medical attention (May have developmental, or intellectual disabilities)

 

In the Third trimester:

growth and brain development occurs

Critical periods :

8-9 weeks is where the most miscarriages happen, can happen due to chromosomal abnormalities or teratogens

Teratogens Drugs :

Thalidomide, Nicotine, Cocaine

 

Thalidomide:

(was given for morning sickness), Parts of limbs missing due to taking the drug during pregnancy

Nicotine/tobacco:

miscarriage, low birth weight, SIDS, slows fetal growth

Alcohol during pregnancy can lead to:

FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) Features of FAS: Small, facial deformities, intellectual disorder

Cocaine use during pregnancy can lead to:

Placental detachment, processing difficulties, fetal stroke

Teratogen Diseases (Illness):

Rubella, Syphilis , Diabetes, and HIV

Rubella causes in babies:

blindness, deafness, heart defect, death (Is one of the viruses that is included in the MMR vaccine, mumps, malaria, rubella)

Syphilis causes in babies:

blindness, deafness, heart problems, brain damage, death

What is Rubella? :

A Sexually transmitted disease that was easily transferable (anti-biotics can knock it out, but for people it is shameful to get medication)

Diabetes/Gestational Diabetes causes in babies:

premature delivery, death, immature lung development, large fetal size

Gestational Diabetes is:

when you get diabetes when pregnant, test is done at 20-ish weeks and can cause large fetal size, baby may be to big leading to premature birth, but due to the early delivery the baby's organs are not ready to survive on its own outside the womb

AIDS/HIV:

HIV is the virus and AIDS is the disease

3 mechanisms of transmission for HIV:

Can be transmitted during pregnancy (through the placenta). But also during the delivery it may be the first time that the blood mixes. Breast feeding is the third way

Teratogen Environmental Hazards:

Pollutants and radiation

The mothers age:

Women are now having babies in their 40s and their pregnancy is high risk but with medical attention/supervision their pregnancy is more likely to get to 38 weeks, After 35 its considered a geriatric pregnancy

Prolonged stress in the mother: 

can cause complications and effect development (colicky baby)

Nutrition:

Maternal malnutrition can cause miscarriages, premature birth, stillbirth, and difficulties in development

Postpartum Blues:

NORMAL amount of weepiness and difficulty- for a few weeks

Postpartum Depression:

More, longer-lasting feelings of sadness, despair, or detachment from baby, Not uncommon but not 'normal'  (Feeling detached, not wanting to be around, wishing things would change)

Postpartum Anxiety:

Often comes along Postpartum Depression but can occur on its own, extreme anxiety beyond normal concerns of a new parent (Checking on baby excessively , Worry, fear, not wanting to be away from the baby out of fear of missing out or it getting hurt)

"Matrescence" :

The process of becoming a mother, developmental and life changes that it entails for the mother

The Fathers Experience:

Fathers sometimes experience depression or anxiety following the birth of their child and are often overlooked