Congress of Vienna and Romanticsm

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of European powers aiming to restore stability and order after the Napoleonic Wars.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian diplomat and key figure at the Congress of Vienna, advocating for conservatism.

Principle of Legitimacy

The idea that legitimate monarchies should be restored to maintain order and stability.

Edmund Burke

A conservative thinker who argued against rapid change and revolutions.

Joseph de Maistre

Supporter of absolute monarchy and traditional institutions, opposing revolutions.

Concert of Europe

A system of alliances among European nations to maintain peace and balance of power.

Principle of Intervention

The doctrine allowing countries to intervene in other states to suppress revolutions.

Burschenschaften

Student societies in Germany advocating for national unity and liberal reforms.

Karlsbad Decrees (1819)

Restrictions imposed to curtail nationalist and liberal movements in German states.

Decembrist Revolt (1825)

Failed uprising in Russia against Tsar Nicholas I, initiated by liberal officers.

Peterloo Massacre (1819)

Event in England where protesters demanding electoral reform were charged by cavalry.

Corn Laws of 1815

British laws imposing tariffs on imported grain, benefiting landowners at the cost of the poor.

Whigs & Tories

Two main political factions in Britain, with Whigs advocating reform and Tories resisting change.

Greek Revolt (1821-1830)

Successful revolution against Ottoman rule leading to Greek independence.

Ultras

French royalists who supported absolute monarchy and opposed reform.

Failure of the Congress of Vienna

Despite restoring monarchies, it did not resolve underlying tensions and revolutionary fervor.

Liberalism

Ideology promoting individual freedoms, political representation, and social reform.

Socialism

Ideology advocating for social ownership and cooperative management of the economy.

Romanticism

Cultural movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and the individual, often in opposition to rationalism.

David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages

Theory suggesting that wages naturally tend towards a minimum level.

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher advocating for individual liberty, women's rights, and social reforms.

Nationalism

Ideological drive for political independence and unity based on shared identity.

Bourbon Restoration

Return of the Bourbon monarchy in France after Napoleon's defeat.

Louis XVIII

First Bourbon king restored to the French throne after Napoleonic rule.

Charles X

Bourbon king who repressed liberals and was ultimately overthrown in 1830.

Franz Joseph I

Austrian emperor who ruled during the tumultuous revolutions of 1848.

Friedrich Wilhelm IV

Prussian king who rejected the German crown offered by the Frankfurt Assembly.

Factory Acts

Laws aimed at improving working conditions in factories in Britain.

Sanitation Act of 1848

Legislation aimed at improving public health and sanitation in Britain.

Romanticism in Music

Genre characterized by emotional expression and individualism, exemplified by composers like Beethoven.

Eugene Delacroix

French painter known for his dramatic and emotional works that expressed Romantic ideals. Made Liberty leading the people

Caspar David Friedrich

German Romantic painter noted for his landscapes that emphasize individual feelings in nature. Made Wanderer above a Sea of fog

The Raft of Medusa

An artwork by Géricault highlighting human suffering and critique of governmental failures.

Janus-faced nationalism

Nationalism that can either promote unification or lead to exclusion of minorities.

Napoleon III

French leader who established the Second Empire after the revolutions of 1848.

Emotionalism

A characteristic of Romantic art highlighting intense feelings and personal expressions.

Individualism

Emphasis on personal independence and self-expression prevalent in Romanticism.

Laisse-faire

An economic doctrine advocating minimal government intervention in the marketplace.

Radicalism

Political movement seeking thorough or complete reform, often through revolutionary means.

Censorship in Russia

Severe restrictions imposed on expression and freedom under Tsar Nicholas I.

Factory towns

Communities built around factories, reflecting industrialization's impact on society.

Constitutional monarchy

A monarchy limited by a constitution or laws, ensuring certain rights to citizens.

Mysterious/supernatural in Romanticism

Themes exploring the unknown and transcendental elements in art and literature.

Cultural nationalism

Nationalism focused on promoting cultural identity and heritage.

Utopian socialism

Socialism aimed at creating an ideal society through cooperative means.

Absolutism in Prussia

Political system where the monarchy holds absolute power without constitutional limitations.

Role of the military in revolutions

Key influence in the success or failure of revolutionary movements during the 19th century.

Restoration of monarchies

Post-Napoleonic effort to reinstate traditional monarchs in Europe.

National unification

The process of consolidating separate states, often sought by nationalist movements.

Failed revolutions of 1848

Series of uprisings across Europe that resulted in conservative reactions and failures.

Economic liberalism vs political liberalism

Economic liberalism focuses on free markets, while political liberalism emphasizes civil rights.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

Novel symbolizing Romantic concerns with nature, individualism, and moral responsibility.

Characteristics of Romantic literature

Focus on emotion, nature, and the individual's experience against rationalist ideals.