Congress of Vienna and Romanticsm

Congress of Vienna, Concert of Europe, Klemens von Metternich, Edmund Burke, Reflection on the Revolution in France, Joseph Maistre, Principle of intervention, Greek Revolt (1821-30)/Treaty of Adrianople, Whigs & Tories, Corn Laws of 1815, Peterloo Massacre 1819, Ultras, Burschenchaften, Wartburg Castle 1817, Karlsbad Degrees 1819, Alexander I (1801-25), Decembrist Revolt 1825.

Congress of Vienna: (leader is Metternich)

• Goals:

  • Principle of Legitimacy -- restore legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions. Metternich said this was necessary to restore peace and stability.

  • Wanted to promote conservatism

    • Edmund Burke made it (Reflections on the Revolution in France)

      • State was a partnership. Advised not overthrowing the government

    • Joseph de Maistre had a different authoritarian conservatism: wanted absolute monarchies back to prevent things like the French Revolution

  • Preventing revolutions and war inside countries

    • De Maistre

    • Concert of Europe

    • Principle of Intervention

• Decisions:

  • Distribution of land: countries got lands back. France lands pushed back after Napoleon’s empire. Balance of power used.

  • Monarchies restoration (e.g. Bourbon monarchy) in France and Spain.

  • Concert of Europe: created from fear of revolution and war. Reaffirmation of the Quadruple Alliance 1815 of being against restoring Napoleonic power.

    • Added France in the first congress, and dealt with outbreaks of revolutions in Spain and Italy for 2nd congress.

  • Principle of Intervention → Countries were allowed to send their armies into other countries to suppress revolution. Britain did not agree with this and tried to sabotage, breaking down the Concert of Europe.

    • Revolutions were suppressed in Italy and Spain effectively 

• Represents the ultimate failure of the French Revolution and Napoleon and triumph of Edmund Burke and his idea.

  • Reduced French lands and expansion, restoring monarchies like Bourbon, preventing revolutions.

  • Burke: believed rapid, radical change like the FR lead to chaos. He was a conservative, against revolutions. The Congress of Vienna supported him by:

    • Creating the principle of Legitimacy that restored legitimate monarchs, supporting his idea of tradition.

    • The Concert of Europe where the Quadruple Alliance renewed their commitment against attempts to restore Napoleon (counter-revolution).

    • Pushed back French lands to 1790 and prevented its expansion

Conservatism assumptions and implementations:

• Obedience to political authority, organized religion is crucial to social order, against revolutionary upheavals and nationalism, and preserve tradition.

• Concert of Europe to stop any attempted revolutions to restore Bonaparte power

• Restored monarchs and changed borders (balance of power)

• Principle of intervention

Great Britain:

• Governed by aristocratic landowning classes. Bad voting

• Two political factions in the Parliament: The Tories and the Whigs

• Tory dominated gov. And didn’t want to change it.

  • They responded to failing agricultural prices with Corn Law 1815, which put increased taxes on foreign grain. 

    • Benefited landowners, but working classes suffered.

    • Peterloo Massacre 1819

  • Restricted public meetings, disseminated pamphlets for the poor, and improved police powers of search and arrest

  • Made minor reforms to avoid the demands for electoral reforms until 1830.

France:

• Bourbon restored (Louis XVIII)

  • Kept Napoleon’s Code for equality

  • Preserved rights of those who bought confiscated lands during the Revolution

  • Two-house legislature established: Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and CHamber of Deputies (100k wealthy people)

  • Louis was opposed by ultraroyalists who wanted the monarchial system and Catholic Church power back.

• Died and succeeded by charles X

  • Compensated aristocrats who lost land in Rev.

  • Encouraged Catholic Church to control education

  • Outrage forced king to accept principle of ministerial responsibility: king responsible for legislature.

    • King violated it: new rev?

Prussia:

• Was part of the powerless Germanic Confederation.

• King Frederick WIlliam III made reforms after Napoleon: abolished serfdom, municipal self gov through town councils, education, and army

  • No legislative assembly or Representative gov (absolute)

• Students and professors in german states organized Burschenchaften: societies dedicated to a free, united Germany

  • These liberals and nationalists were inspired and encouraged by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn

  • Burned conservative books in 1817 (300th anniversary of Luther’s 95-theses) at Wartburg Castle.

  • Metternich drew up the Karlsbad Decrees in 1819, ending the Burschenschaften.

• German rulers happily cooperated with Metternich for conservatism

Russia:

• Very rural, agricultural, autocratic. Russian Tsar still divine-right monarch

• Alexander I (1801-25) wanted to reform Russia:

  • Strengthened censorship, freed political prisoners, reformed education.

  • Did not give constitution or abolish serfdom

• The Northern Union opposed Alexander for censorship and not fully reforming

  • Alexander died 1825, heier of throne Constantine, let his brother Nicolas I as king, but this wasn’t made public.

  • Decembrist Revolt 1825: Leaders of Northern Union rebelled on this accession, but failed and were executed.

    • Made Nicolas I a reactionary who hoped to avoid another rebellion.

• Nicolas I made some reforms to prevent rebellion, and was willing to use his troops in Europe to stop revolutions -- the policeman of Europe.

1815-32 revolts were not that successful in Europe, but were successful in Latin America were many states gained independence.

Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements: 6.7: Liberalism, Economic LIberalism, political liberalism, conservatism (arch and organic), David Ricardo 1817 Iron law of Wages, John Stuart Mills, On the Subjugation of Women 1869, Nationalism (cultural and universal), Socialism, utopian socialists, Robert Owen, Louis Blanc, phalanstery, Zoe Gatti de Garmond. 

Conservatism: arch conservatives: NO CHANGE. Support Church (France + Austria). Organic conservatives: bring slow change (Britain)

• Advocates: Edmund Burke, Metternich.

• View of human nature: humans are naturally flawed without order.

• Main ideas:

  • Order is required

  • Traditional systems are the best

  • Natural rights not as important as social order

  • Old religion. NO CHANGE

• Goals:

  • Restore monarchies

  • Stop attemps for revolution + nationalism

  • Peace + stability

  • Preserve tradition.

• Role in period:

  • Congress of Vienna: restored monarchies like Bourbon, suppressed revolutions, opposed liberalism, nationalism, and socialism.

Liberalism:

• Advocates: David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill

  • John Stuart Mill: absolute freedom of opinion + sentiment for all. Also advocate for women in Subjugation of Women

• View of Human nature: people should be as free from restraint as possible. 

  • Don’t care about the poor.

• Main ideas:

  • Laissez-faire (economic)

  • Separation of Church and state

  • Ministerial responsibility (power to legislative branch)

  • Constitutionalism: DOROMAC, Bill of rights

• Goals

  • Constitutional monarchy

  • Limited suffrage

  • Free speech

  • Women’s rights(only john mills)

• Role in period:

  • Protested Charles X in france: created ministerial responsibility.

  • Burschenschaften rebellions

  • Natural union revolts

Nationalism:

• Advocates: Burschenshaften, Napoleon, Hungarians

• View of Human nature

  • Humans belong to a community with shared things

  • upper/middle class want to include all people (universal nationalism)

  • Cultural nationalism want to exclude people

• Goals:

  • Create independent states

  • Preserve traditions, history, culture, etc.

  • National unification

  • Independence from empires.

• Main ideas:

  • Each nationality should have its own government

  • Only after each nationality has their own state, all nations can be linked

• Role in period:

  • Burschensaften uprisings

  • Power imbalances

  • Hungary revolts

Socialism:

• Advocates: Robert owen(utopian socialist) Louis Blanc(government should hire workers), Zoe Gatti de Garmond and other female supporters.

• View of human nature: Humans are best when cooperating, People can change with education

• Main ideas:

  • Society will benefit from cooperation

  • Private property is bad

  • Cooperation is better than industrial capitalism

    • Utopian socialists

• Role in period

  • Robert owens turned a factory town into a thriving community

  • Zoe made phalanstery, women worked mutually

Due to the different languages groups spoken in 19th century Europe, Nationalist ideals are more difficult to fulfill in areas with many different languages, such as the Austrian Empire.

Romanticism

Romanticism, Goethe (1749-1832) The Sorrows of Young Werther 1774, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty, William Wordsworth, The Tables Turned, Mary Shelley/Frankenstein, Caspar David Friedrich, Eugine Delacroix, Théodore Géricault (1719-1824), The Raft of Medusa, Ludwig von Beethoven (1770-1827) 9th symphony, Mozart (1756-91) Jupiter, Richard Wagner (1813-1883), The Ride of the Valkyries, Revolutions of 1830, Revolutions of 1848, Greek Revolution 1830, Sixth Act 1819 (repeal 1824), Peterloo Massacre 1819, Factory acts, sanitation act 1848, Louis Phillippe I (1830-48). Louis Napoleon III, Second Empire, Franz Joseph I, autocracy/orthodoxy/nationality, Friedrick William IV (1840-61), Grossdeutsch/Kleindeutsch.

Characteristics of Romanticism:

• Emphasis on emotion over reason

• Lionization of “common man” (e.g. wow native americans are so cool)

• Appreciation of nature

• Individualism: cutting from society

• Tendency towards melancholy

  • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Sorrows of Young Werther (1774)

    • Young man rejected by society

    • Believes in self-worth

    • Falls in love but can’t be with her: suicide

    • Early example of romanticism

• Interest in mysterious/supernatural

  • Arthur Conan Dyle, Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker

MUSIC

Mozart: Jupiter 1788

• Intense, active, heavy, happy, pleasing, joyous, light, adventurous, fine, smooth

• Lots of emotion

• Sudden changes

• Restrained. Transition to Romanticism.

Tchaikovsky (1840-93) Swan Lake 1875

• Mysterious, magical, melancholy, tense

• Makes nature seem cool: appreciation of nature

• Sudden changes in tone: dramatic transitions, POWER

• Very emotional

• Strong build-ups

Beethoven 9 Symphony, 1824

• Intense, passionate, lively, DRAMATIC

• Calm part before loud choir, happy, pleasant

• Emotional, distress, very tense

• Changes key a lot

Richard Wagner (1813-1883) The Ride of the Valkyries, 1851-56

• He is a german nationalist + romanticist

• DRAMATIC: full of emotion and action

• Heroic, epic, royal

• Dramatic swings/transitions

• Powerful, lots of movement

• Glorious, grand, nationalist (cultural nationalism), mysterious

POETRY

Lord Byron (sus kid that everyone loves) She Walks in Beauty 1814

• Appreciation of nature

• Contrast of dark and bright

• Melancholy and emotional

• Focusing on individual’s aspects

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) The Tables Turned 1798

• Contrast of evil and good

• Rejection of human reason

• Appreciation of nature

• mysterious/supernatural

• Rejection of industrialization

ART

Eugene Delacroix (1789-1863) Liberty Leading the People, 1830.

• High contrast; dramatic

• Individualism

• Emphasis on radical ideas like liberty

• Sympathetic to Parisians

• Notre-Dame in the background

• Nudes: body is valued (classics, greek)

Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) Wanderer above a sea of Fog (1818)

• Emphasis on the individual

• Appreciation of nature

• Melancholy, feelings

• Mysterious with the fog

• Dressed like a (wealthy) student = political statement = want a german constitution, promoting liberal ideas.

• Sympathizing with students = nationalism

Théodore Géricault (1791-1824) The Raft of Medusa, 1818-19

• Dramatic, emotional, contrasting

• They are dying

• Dealing with power of nature

• Triangle of despair and triangle of hope (who are looking at a ship in the distance)

• Criticizes French gov for not making ships approved for the sea

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848:

Conservative victories:

1. Prussia

   1. Burschenschaften closed by Karlsbad Decrees 1819, outlawed public gatherings.

2. Russia

   1. Nicholas I does not want liberals after the 1825 Decembrist Revolt. Reactionary

3. Britain (maybe??)

   1. Peterloo Massacre: government passed Sixth Act (repealed later in 1824): no more demonstrations.

• Failed: Louis Phillippe overthrown, Napoleon III makes second empire

Successful Revolts

1. Greeks 1821-30

   1. Want independence from Ottomans. Got help from Brits + Russians

   2. Put a German on the throne (??)

2. Britain (?)

   1. 1822 prison reform

   2. Repealed sixth act

   3. 1833 outlaw slavery

   4. Factory acts

   5. Sanitary act 1848

3. France (?)

   1. Bourbon Restoration 1814 (Louis XVIII + Charles X)

   2. Charles clashed with liberals

   3. July Ordinances 1830, decrees issued by Charles X

      1. Limit press

      2. Removes legislative assembly

      3. French elect MORE liberal legislators

      4. Charles abdicates (drops out)

   4. Louis Phillippe I took over

   5. Remember: give people rights, can’t take them away

Revolutions of 1848 summary:

• Want nationalism and liberalism

• Bad harvest, unemployment, just price

• Liberals: want representative

• Nationalists: want community

• Conservatives: want stability and none of the above

• No unified opposition to monarchs

Austria (failed)

• Too many minorities, esp. Hungarians who demand state in a state (commonwealth)

• Metternich flees to England

• No united opposition

• Franz Joseph (1848-1916)

  • Thinks, then with help of 140k Russians:

  • CRUSHES the revolution

  • Hungarians FAILED the revolution

Prussia (failed):

• Frederick Willim IV

• Army is loyal to king

• Frederick agrees to create a national assembly

• Debate: big germany or small Germany

• National assembly offer him title of Emperor of the Gemerans

• Ask if he wll agree to a constitution if he becomes emperor

• He denies the crown and they chill before BOOM world woar 1

France (failed):

• Louis Phillippe I took over, called a pear 🍐

  • Reestablished constitutional monarchy

  • Laissez-faire corruption

  • Bad harvests

  • Gov outlaws public demonstrations, but French get around with “Public Banquets”

  • Largest banquet eventually outlawed, barricades go up in Paris

• 1848 Provisional Government:

  • Louis Blanc: workshops: chaos: people forced to go to Algeria

  • Election of Napoleon III

  • 1852 become empire: SECOND EMPIRE !?!?!?!??!

Revolutions of 1848 failed because:

1. Middle class is unwilling to use violence

2. Deeper respect for law and order

3.  No unity or broader support

4. No military support

Revolutions of 1848 Results:

1. French monarch gone -- others shaken

2. Europe more conservative

3. Nationalists less radical, more conservative

4. Middle class no longer revolutionary

The outcomes of the revolutions of 1848:

• The revolutions of 1848 were a failure overall due to division.

  • In France: louis blanc’s pricey implement of workhouses led to chaos after Louis-Phillippe I was overthrown. They also ended up with another empire under Napoleon III

  • In Germany, couldn’t decide on Grossdeutsch or kleindeutsch. Frederick William IV rejected the German crown and constitution, and movement collapsed due to division between liberals + radicals.

  • In Austria, Hungarians wanted independence, but were crushed by military with help of Russian Army.

  • In Italy, a nationalist movement made Piedmont king try to liberate from Austrian domination, but was unsuccessful and French forces helped the pope regain power over Rome.