Exam 1 Study Guide

What fields are incorporated into child development?

biology, psychology, sociology, history, anthropology, economics

Parts of the scientific method

Ask a question, develop hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze data, draw conclusions, report

Longitudinal Research

collecting data at different times from the same group. can takes years to complete and risks participants dropping out

Cross-Sectional Research

collecting data once on participants of different age groups. differences in results can be presumed to be the result of age

Cross-Sequential Data

collecting several groups of people of different ages and then follow these groups over years

Replication in research

repeated methods of a study with different participants and researchers. studies are more influential if easily replicated

Culture

a system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior assumptions

a person’s position in society is determined by ——

income, occupation, education, and place of residence

Functions of Theories

produce hypotheses, generate discoveries, offer practical guidance

average standard behavior

social norm

Jean Piaget is associated with ——

cognitive theory

Erickson Developmental theory

Psychosocial Development (8 Stages)

What did the theories of Freud, Piaget, and Erickson have in common?

all stage theorists

stages of psychological development (erickson)

trust vs. mistrust

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

initiative vs guilt

industry vs inferiority

identity vs role confusion

intimacy vs isolation

Operant/instrumental conditioning

learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or something unwanted

punishment

must be applied swiftly, severe enough to be effective, consistent, and explained

Nature vs. Nurture

debate about what shapes a person. nature - inherited at conception, nurture - environmental influences

birth-1 yr. (Erickson stages)

trust vs. mistrust

1-3 years (Erickson stages)

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3-6 yrs (Erickson stages)

initiative vs. guilt

6-11 yrs (Erickson stages)

industry vs. inferiority

adolescence (erickson stages)

identity vs role confusion

adult hood (erickson stages)

intimacy vs isolation, genrativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair

domains of development

biosocial, cognitive, psychosocial

differential susceptibility

the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences

John Watson was associated with ——

behaviorism

behaviorism

psychology should only study what it can see and measure

classical conditioning

learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus

Critical Periods

a time when a particular type of developmental growth might happen

humans grow arms, legs, hands, and feet ——- days after conception

28-54

Sensitive Period

a time when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later (but with more difficulty)

early childhood is a sensitive period for ——-

language development

oral stage (psychosexual dev.)

birth - 1 year

anal stage (psychosexual dev)

1-3 years

phallic stage (psychosexual dev.)

3-6

latency stage (psychosexual dev)

6-11

genital stage (psychosexual dev)

adolescence

reinforcement

when a behavior is followed by something desired

shaping

consists of the reinforcement of close and closer approcimations of a desired response

extinctions

gradual weakening and disappearance of a response

social learning theory

extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that toher people have over a person’s behavior

Albert Bandura is associated with ——-

social learning theory

cognitive theory

focuses on changes in how people think over time. our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Piaget’s Stages of Development

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Sensorimotor (Piaget)

birth - 2 yrs

preoperational (piaget)

2-6 yrs

Concrete Operational (piaget)

6-11 yrs

Formal Operational (Piaget)

12 yrs - adulthood

sociocultural theory

development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces

humanism

stresses the potential of all humans for good adn the belief that all people have the same basic needs