Animal Anatomy Lab Exam 1

epithelial tissue major functions

protection, secretion/excretion, absorption

epithelial cell classification

number of layers, shape of cells

epithelial tissue composition

line and cover surfaces both internally and externally (digestive tract, lungs, bladder, skin, etc)

simple

one layer of cells

stratisfied

more than one layer of cells

squamous

very thin, look like fried eggs

cuboidal

cube-shaped, nuclei arranged in single row

columnar

elongated, nuclei arranged in a row at base of cell

simple epithelium

single layer of cells that is fragile and lines internal compartment and passageways such as blood vessels

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells, perform filtering or exchange function

mesothelium

simple squamous epithelium that lines the chest, heart, and abdominal cavities

endothelium

simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells, found in ducts or glands (kidney, thyroid, salivary, pancreas, ovary)

simple columnar epithelium

elongated cells between apical and basal surfaces, typically found in the digestive tract

goblet cells

specialized columnar cell, has a secretory function that produces mucus that lubricates intestinal wall

stratified epithelia

located in areas that are subject to mechanical or chemical stress (surface of skin or mouth)

stratisfied squamous epithelium

protection (skin, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, cornea)

stratisfied columnar epithelium

protection and secretion (some glands, conjunctiva, pharynx, urethra, anus)

pseudostratified epithelia

only one layer thick but has staggered nuclei and two different cell orientations, possess goblet cells and have a ciliated surface

transitional epithelia

surface layer consists of large, round cells. deeper consists of cuboidal or columnar cells

basement membrane

glue-like material secreted by the base layer of epithelial cells, network of fibers that cement epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue

microvilli

finger-like projections of epithelial cells that increase surface area to increase absorption

brush border

apical surface covered in microvilli

cilia

hair-like structures that beat in a rhythmic fashion to move materials across epithelial cell surfaces

keratin

protective waterproof material produced by epithelial cells in skin

connective tissue

supports and binds cells and tissues together and is composed of extracellular fibers, ground substance, and cells

three broad categories of connective tissue

connective tissue proper (loose and dense), fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone)

adipose

"chicken wire" loose connective tissue proper filled with adipocytes or fat cells found beneath skin, between muscles, behind eyeballs, etc.

blood

fluid connective tissue, red blood cells

bone

supporting connective tissue, hardest and most rigid, compact and spongy

muscle tissue

highly specialized cells that have the baility to contract to help move our bones, blood, and soft tissues (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)

smooth muscle description

lack striation or bands with central nucleus

smooth muscle location

walls of hollow organs, skin attached to hair, eye iris

smooth muscle function

moves food through digestive tract, causes hair to stand erect, moves fluid through vessels

cardiac muscle description

striated, involuntary, cylindrical and branched with single central nucleus

cardiac muscle location

only found in the heart

cardiac muscle function

pumps blood through vascular system

skeletal muscle description

striated, voluntary, striped, long, and cylindrical with multiple non-central nuclei

skeletal muscle location

attached to bone, skin, eyeballs, and esophagus

skeletal muscle function

voluntary movement

nervous tissue

found in brain, spinal chord, and nerves, made up of cells that are packed very closely together (highly branched), can appear quite different depending on location and histological technique

neurons

respond to stimuli, conduct electrical impulses, made up of cell body, dendrites, and axons

cell body (neuron)

nucleus and organells

dendrites (neuron)

receive stimuli

axons (neuron)

generate and transmit nerve impulses

neurological cells

support, protect, and bind neurons together

motor nerve cell

gray matter

made up of the cell bodies of nerve cells

white matter

made up of the axons of nerve cells

mammalian spinal cord

dorsal plane

divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts

transverse plane

divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right parts

median (midsagittal) plane

divides body into equal left and right parts

cranial

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail

rostral

toward the nose

dorsal

toward the back

ventral

toward the belly

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

deep

toward the center of the body

superficial

toward the surface of the body

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

cranial surface

front surface of the leg

caudal surface

back surface of the leg

dorsal surface

top of foot/body

palmar surface

palm of hand (front leg)

plantar surface

bottom of foot (back leg)

dorsal recumbency

lying on the back (belly up)

sternal/ventral recumbency

lying on the belly/sternum (back up)

lateral recumbency

lying on the side, left or right

poll

top of the head between the ears

muzzle

rostral part of the face

withers

the highest part of the back at the base of an animal's neck

barrel

chest, side area above/caudal of the fore arm

brisket

muscled portion between the front legs of the animal, chest

pastern

area of the limb between the fetlock and hoof

fetlock

area of the limb between the pastern and the cannon

cannon

Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals

flank

side of the body between the ribs and ilium

hock

tarsal joint also called the tarsus

stifle

upper thigh joint

tailhead

base of the tail where it connects to the body

osmosis

the movement of a solvent (water) from high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

isotonic

water movement into the cell is equal to water movement out of the cell

hypertonic

water moves out of the cell

hypotonic

water moves into the cell

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

integumentary system

composed of all 4 tissues (skin, hair, hooves, horns, claws)

keratinization

when cells expire by giving up vital organelles and nuclei to make room for keratin

keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

basement membrane

separates epidermis and dermis

epidermis

outer layer of skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that forms a waterproof sheild

dermis

highly fibrous middle layer of skin responsible for most structural strength of the skin (dense irregular connective tissue, collagen, fibers, hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, and lymphatics)

2 layers of the dermis

papillary and reticular

papillary layer

thin and superficial outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis

recticular layer

think and dense deeper layer of the dermis

dermal papillae

nipplelike projections that rise into the epidermis helping to cement the dermis and epidermis together