Respiration and Excretion

What happens during external exchange?

air in lungs exchange gases with blood

What happens during internal exchange?

gases in blood exchange with fluid/cells

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Carbon Dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ion in blood plasma

How does our diaphragm control our breathing (during inspiration and expiration)

During inspiration, diaphragm contracts and moves down, decreasing the pressure in lungs allowing air to rush in.

During expiration, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, increasing the pressure in lungs. This pushes air out of lungs.

How does CO2 level control breathing rate?

CO2 reacts with water and creates carbonic acid. This reaction releases H+ ion which makes our blood become more acidic

How is air filtered?

By hairs and mucus (cilia)

What happens in the alveoli?

exchange of gasses with the blood occurs.

Why are A flu's more likely to lead to global pandemics than B flu?

it changes rapidly and jumps from human to animals. Flu b, on the other hand, is slower and only infect humans.

What do the kidneys do?

filter blood and produce urine

excrete waste products (such as urea)

role in regulating acid-base balance

maintain normal blood pH

role in selective reabsorption + secretion of electrolytes

What is osmoregulation?

the control of solute concentrations and water balance

How do solutes move?

from high concentration to low concentration

What are osmoconformers?

Species that conform to the solute concentration

(ex. shark is isotonic with ocean but nit salty, due to urea in blood).

What are osmoregulators?

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment.

(ex. saltwater "bony" fish have much lower solutes than the ocean water.)

What are the steps of urine formation?

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, more reabsorption and then excretion