murda she wrote (chem)

nomenclature

a system of naming divided into two parts; first is associated with plants and animals (organic compounds) and the second is associated with nonliving things (non-organic compounds).

What is the system of naming also called?

chemical nomenclature

What does nomen mean?

name

What does calare mean?

to call

binary

only 2 elements or kinds of atoms

ionic

metal classification bonded to nonmetal classification

Ionic: ______ _______ bonding between metals and _______, losing e- and _______, loosely held electrons, and _____ held electrons.

Ionic: electrostatic attraction bonding between metals and nonmetals, losing e- and gaining e-, loosely held electrons, and tightly held electrons.

monatomic ion

a single atom with a charge

What does a monatomic cation have at the end of it’s name?

It has an “ion” added to the end of the name

What does a monatomic anion have at the end of its name when it bonds to an ion?

It has an “-ide” at the end

nitrogen

nitride

phosphorus

phosphoride

arsenic

arsenide

oxygen

oxide

sulfur

sulfide

selenium

selenide

tellurium

telluride

flourine

flouride

chlorine

chloride

bromine

bromide

iodine

iodide

What are monatomic elements in the group range G3-G12 called?

Transition metals

What are groups under the metalloid staircase called?

Other metals

What do groups under the metalloid staircase and G3-G12 metals have in common?

They follow the same conventions

What do monatomic transition cations use behind their name and what does it reveal about them?

They use roman numerals behind their name and it reveals their net charge

What can many other trans ionic metals have and what does that thing give them?

Multivalent net charges, which gives them different properties

What can trans ionic metal conventions combine with?

They can combine with either binary conventions and polyatomic conventions

What can go around the numerals?

Parentheses

How can we determine the positive cation when given an anion?

We can use the net charges and its total for the anion

Why do trans metals use roman numerals in their name?

They are multivalent/have multiple net charges, so the roman numerals are used to distinguish toxicity from safety

molecular/covalent bonding

valence e’s that are shared between two nonmetals by overlapping their e clouds

How do you display binary molecular compounds?

With no boxes, anions, cations, or net charges since the electrons are shared

How many atom types do binary molecules have?

two

What is important about the binary molecule prefixes?

They are used for both the first element and the last element

Prefix 1

mono

Prefix 2

di

Prefix 3

tri

Prefix 4

tetra

Prefix 5

penta

Prefix 6

hexa

Prefix 7

hepta

Prefix 8

octa

Prefix 9

nona

Prefix 10

deca

What do you do if the prefixes and element combining have “ao” “oo” or “aa” near them?

You drop the first vowel

How do you write compounds?

C, N, P, S are written first, O and H are last

polyatomic ions

many (3 or more) different bonded atoms that move as a group while sharing a net charge

poly

many

atomic

atom

ion

net charge

How is the polyatomic ion written?

A a single box

For cation-anion, how is the balance shown?

shown using only the net charges

How is the polyatomic formula written?

If there is more that one polyatomic group the parentheses around the group needs to be used, and the subscript number is written behind the parenthesis to denote the number of groups.

What can the polyatomic ion conventions be combined with?

They can be combined with transition rules only; when cation polyatomic ions bond then they can be combined with binary ionic rules

What happens to the suffix of a nonmetal-cation polyatom?

It ends in the suffix -ium and adds the word ion

Prefix per importance

added to a polyatomic name is the ion if one more oxygen than the ate version

Prefix ate importance

more common polyatom

Prefix ite importance

less common polyatomic version (1 less oxygen than ate)

Prefix hypo importance

added to the polyatomic name if the ion is one less than the ite version

Prefix bi importance/hydrogen

either or are added to the front of the polyatomic

What happens if an H+ is added to the front?

the net charge is lowered by 1 negative charge

Word “dihydrogen” importance

added to the front of a polyatom

What happens if 2 H-atoms are added to the polyatom?

The net charge is lowered by 2 negative charges

What happens when all unpaired electrons have been used and surrounding atoms have not been bonded to the central atom?

any lone pairs need to use the split method

split method

half of the pair breaks an octet and the other reestablishes it

What does the pos net charge on the polyatom mean?

dots can be removed anywhere to the structure

What does the neg net charge on the polyatom mean?

dots can be removed anywhere to the structure (the valence e’s taken from the other atom)

How to show the bonded structure as a group?

place brackets around it and the overall net charge outside

lone pair

2 dots/valence e’s not shared

unpaired electrons

a single electron that is drawn as 1 dot, eventually shared as a bond

acids

substance that increase H+ or H3O+ concentration in water; starts with an H+ or hydrogen

How are acids identified?

usually the chemical with begin with an H+ atom/ion

What type of molecules are acids?

Fragile ones

What is the exception to the ion rule for acids?

acids can break into ions when in water

What type of ions are acids?

both covalent/molecular and ionic at the same time (more covalent than ionic)

Acid name exceptions:

phosphide/phosphate/phosphite

phosphoric or phosphorous

Acid name exceptions:

sulfide/sulfate/sulfite

sulfuric or sulfurous

Acid name exceptions:

carbonate

carbonic

binary acid system

acid with only two element types or a monatomic anion

What does the first element need to be for a binary acid system?

only 2 different bonded elements, first element must be hydrogen

How are binary acid systems written?

use 2 ion boxes and net charges to balance formula

oxyanion acid system is also known as

oxyacid system

oxyanion acid system

acid combined with a polyatomic acid

What must the first element be for a oxyacid system?

usually first element must be H+ ions bonded to polyatomic acid

How are oxyacid systems written?

2 ion boxes and net charges to balance formula

What are the ending changes for binary acid systems?

ide changes to a prefix of hydro and the root ic

What are the ending changes for oxyacid systems?

ate and ite change to ic and ous respectively

What word is added to the end of a binary or oxyacid system?

acid

What does oxy mean?

oxygen containing polyatomic ion

What does anion mean?

negatively charged ion

What does “by classification” mean?

whether it is covalent or ionic

What does “by categorization” mean?

is it an acid and if so oxyacid or binary acid? And if there is no acid, then is it binary ionic, transition ionic, polyatomic ionic or binary molecular or polyatomic molecular?