Respiratory- EXAM 1: Pneumonia & Pulmonary Response to Injury LEC9

______ describes inflammation of the pulmonary gas exchange system.

Pneumonia

_______ describes inflammation of the lung, and designates inflammation of alveolar walls.

Pneumonitis

True or False- In pneumonia cases, alveoli are filled with cellular exudate.

True

Pneumonitis describes what type of pneumonia?

Interstitial

Pulmonary fibrosis ________ gas exchange.

decreases

In acute lung injury, swelling and sloughing of ______ pneumocytes occur.

type I

True or False- In acute lung injury, hyaline membranes may form from mixing of proteinaceous fluid and surfactant.

True

In chronic alveolar injury, which of the following occurs due to prolonged proliferation of type II pneumocytes?

Epithelization (fetalization occurs)

True or False- Pneumonias can be classified by exudate, location, cause, and route of infection.

True

Which type of pneumonia can be further classified into lobular and lobar forms?

Bronchopneumonia

Which type of bronchopneumonia spreads quickly to involve large areas (more virulent pathogens)?

Lobar

In which type of bronchopneumonia are individual lobules affected, resulting in patchy lesions?

Lobular

Which of the following is the most common form of bronchopneumonia in animals?

Lobular

Which type of pneumonia causes inflammation of the alveolar walls?

Interstitial

Which of the following describes the gross distribution of bronchopneumonia?

Cranioventral

Bronchopneumonia may result from which route of exposure?

Aerogenous

In bronchopneumonia, initial damage and inflammation is centered on which structure?

Bronchiolar alveolar junction

In bronchopneumonia, which 2 inflammatory cells infiltrate to phagocytose bacteria?

neutrophils and macrophages

In bronchopneumonia, which initial event triggers cytokine release and leukocyte chemotaxis?

damaged cilia by bacteria

At the resolution of bacterial bronchopneumonia, which cell type helps regenerate ciliated cells?

Clara/club cell

Bronchopneumonia causes which two changes to the lungs?

Obstructive changes and restrictive changes

In bronchopneumonia, increased restriction of the lung may be caused by concurrent _______.

Pleuritis

Suppurative bronchopneumonia has a ______ distribution.

lobular

Suppurative bronchopneumonia has a ____ firm, red to gray consolidation of lesions.

Cranioventral

Suppurative bronchopneumonia causes necrosis of ________.

bronchiolar epithelium

Which 5 of the following are the most common pathogens causing suppurative bronchopneumonia in animals?

1. Pasteurella multocida

2. Bordetella bronchiseptica

3. Trueperella pyogenes

4. Streptococcus spp & Mycoplasma Spp

5. Escherichia coli

True or False- Fibrinous bronchopneumonia is characterized by abundant fibrin in alveolar spaces.

True

Which type of bronchopneumonia is more lethal?

Fibrinous

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia has what type of distribution?

Lobar or lobular

Pleuropneumonia also refers to _____.

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

Which organism most often causes a cranioventral distribution of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

Mannheimia hemolytica

Which organism can cause a random distribution of fibrinous bronchopneumonia in pigs?

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

True or False- In fibrinous bronchopneumonia, entire lobes can be affected with hemorrhage and fibrinous pleuritis.

True

Which type of necrosis will be seen on histopathology in fibrinous bronchopneumonia cases?

Coagulative

True or False- In fibrinous bronchopneumonia cases, inflammatory cells will be degenerate.

True

True or False- Aspiration of irritants such as gastric material will not cause fibrinous pneumonia.

False

Which 4 of the following are common pathogens that cause fibrinous pneumonia?

1. Mannheimia hemolytica (pneumonic pasteurellosis)

2. Hemophilus somnus

3. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (porcine pleuropneumonia)

4. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia)

M hemolytica causes fibrinous pneumonia due to logarithmic growth and production of _______.

Leukotoxin

True or False- Bronchopneumonia may resolve with little to no damage.

True

Which 5 of the following are possible sequela of bronchopneumonia?

1. Variable fibrosis

2. Chronic bronchopneumonia +/- bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans

3. Abscess formation on cranioventral lobes

4. Pleural adhesions

5. Septicemia or death

Interstitial pneumonia is a restrictive disease with ______ alveolar wall compliance.

reduced

True or False- In interstitial pneumonia, gas exchange is reduced due to increased wall thickness.

True

True or False- Interstitial pneumonia is most commonly caused by bacteria.

False (viral)

Which 5 of the following are common causes of interstitial pneumonia?

1. Respiratory viruses

2. Toxic gases

3. Bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

4. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

5. Usually not bacteria exception is septicemia

Interstitial pneumonia occurs via which route of exposure?

Hematogenous or aerogenous

Interstitial pneumonia usually has a ______ distribution.

diffuse

True or False- In viral interstitial pneumonia, the virus replicates in respiratory airway and alveolar epithelial cells.

True

Which texture describes the lungs that are affected by interstitial pneumonia?

Rubbery and fail to collapse

True or False- Interstitial pneumonia may cause enlargement of the lungs.

True

Interstitial pneumonia causes damage to _____ pneumocyte epithelium or endothelium.

type I

Fluid and hyaline membranes present in alveoli characterize which phase of interstitial pneumonia?

Exudative

Hyperplasia (mitosis) of Type II pneumocytes characterizes the ____ phase of interstitial pneumonia.

Proliferative

True or False- ARDS generally resolves with little damage.

False

True or False- Generalized systemic disease, injury to the lung, or injury to other organs are conditions associated with ARDS.

True

Which of the following occurs with ARDS?

Pulmonary edema

In ARDS, endotoxins cause ____ to produce abundant cytokines (TNF-a) and primes neutrophils to do damage.

macrophages

ARDS results in _____ alveolar and endothelial damage.

diffuse

True or False- ARDS results in abundant alveolar edema and fibrin exudation, with formation of hyaline membranes.

True

If an animal survives ARDS, what is the common result?

Fibrosis

Chronic interstitial pneumonia is characterized by which 2 of the following?

-Fibrosis & inflammation of alveolar wall

-Persistence of Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia (fetalization)

Which 2 of the following are common causes of chronic interstitial pneumonia?

-Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle and dogs

-Retroviruses in sheep and goats

True or False- Bronchointerstitial pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia seen in veterinary medicine.

True

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia occurs via what route of exposure?

Aerogenous

True or False- Bronchointerstitial pneumonia is usually caused by a virus or mycoplasma with secondary bacterial infection.

True

In bronchointerstitial pneumonia, which 3 epithelium types are damaged?

Bronchiolar, alveolar, and bronchial epithelium

True or False- Bronchointerstitial pneumonia can cause rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and interstitial pneumonia.

True

Which virus usually causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia in dogs?

Canine distemper virus

Which of the following is required for diagnosis of bronchointerstitial pneumonia?

Histopath

True or False- Bronchointerstitial pneumonia is characterized by bronchitis and bronchiolitis, with necrosis and neutrophils.

True

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia causes Type I pneumocyte ______.

necrosis

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia causes ________ pneumocyte proliferation (iinterstitial pneumonia).

type II

Which 5 of the following are common pathogens that cause bronchointerstitial pneumonia?

1. Respiratory syncytial virus

2. Canine and equine adenovirus

3. Canine distemper virus

4. Porcine and equine influenza virus

5. Porcine mycoplasmosis

True or False- Embolic pneumonia occurs via hematogenous route of infection.

True

Which type of emboli cause embolic pneumonia?

Septic (bacterial)

Embolic pneumonia is characterized by abscesses in ____ areas of the lungs.

all

In embolic pneumonia, early inflammation is centered on ______.

small blood vessels

Which 5 of the following commonly cause embolic pneumonia?

1. Fusobacterium necrophorum (also hepatic abscesses)

2. Trueperella pyogenes

3. Streptococcus equi

4. Staphylococcus aureus (infected catheters)

5. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (endocarditis)

Granulomatous pneumonia can occur via which routs of infection?

Hematogenous & aerogenous

Granulomatous pneumonia is typically caused by fungi, and is a ______ delayed type hypersensitivity.

type IV

Which 4 of the following are common pathogens that cause granulomatous pneumonia?

1. Bastomyces dermatiditis

2. Mycobacterium sp (Tuberculosis)

3. Rhodococcus equi

4. Silicosis

True or False- Rhodococcus equi can cause granulomatous inflammation in lungs of horses.

True

______ is a classic example of granulomatous pneumonia, where organisms survive and replicate inside macrophages.

Tuberculosis

True or False- Aspiration pneumonia can be caused by a dysfunctional pharynx, iatrogenically, or via meconium aspiration.

True

True or False- Gross lesions of aspiration pneumonia have a caudodorsal distribution.

false (cranioventral)

Aspiration pneumonia is characterized by which 4 of the following?

-severe necrosis

-suppurative exudate

-hemorrhage & atelectasis

-unilateral lesion