APUSH Unit 4

Yayayaya

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

A treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the United States.

American System

An economic plan championed by Henry Clay that included protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements to advance the nation's economic growth.

American Temperance Society

An organization founded in 1826 as part of the temperance movement, which sought to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

A battle in which U.S. forces led by William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnee confederacy led by Tecumseh, contributing to frontier tensions leading up to the War of 1812.

Burned-Over District

A region in western New York known for its frequent and intense religious revivals ("hell-and-brimstone" sermons) during the Second Great Awakening, particularly associated with Charles Grandison Finney.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

A Massachusetts Supreme Court ruling that asserted that trade unions were legal and had the right to strike for better wages and working conditions.

Corrupt Bargain

The term used by Andrew Jackson's supporters to describe the Election of 1824, in which Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to secure the presidency for John Quincy Adams, who then appointed Clay as Secretary of State.

Cotton Gin

An invention by Eli Whitney in 1793 that revolutionized the cotton industry by efficiently separating cotton fiber from seeds, greatly increasing the profitability of cotton and the demand for slave labor.

Cult of Domesticity

An idealized view of women as moral leaders and caregivers in the home. This cultural shift occurred as men took jobs outside the home during the Industrial Revolution.

Democratic Party

The political party that emerged in the 1820s under the leadership of Andrew Jackson. It was known as the party of the "Common Man" and was popular with farmers, immigrants, and Southerners.

Democratic-Republicans

A political party, co-founded by Thomas Jefferson, that championed states' rights, an agrarian-based economy, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. It opposed the Federalist Party.

Embargo Act (1807)

An act passed by Jefferson that forbade the export of all goods from the U.S. to any destination. It was an attempt to avoid war with Britain and France but was disastrous for the U.S. economy.

Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

A period during James Monroe's presidency characterized by a sense of nationalism and a single dominant political party (the Democratic-Republicans) following the collapse of the Federalist Party after the War of 1812.

Erie Canal

A 363-mile canal completed in 1825 that linked the East Coast (Hudson River) to the Great Lakes. It dramatically lowered freight costs and spurred economic growth and westward movement.

Federalist Party

A political party led by figures like Alexander Hamilton and John Adams that advocated for a strong central government, a robust financial system, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. John Adams was the last Federalist president.

First Party System

The political party system in the U.S. from roughly 1792 to 1824, which consisted of the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and discussed secession or amending the Constitution. Their demands were delivered at the same time as news of the victory at New Orleans, which made them look unpatriotic and led to the party's demise.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Legislation signed by President Andrew Jackson that authorized the forced resettlement of thousands of Native Americans from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to territory west of the Mississippi River.

Interchangeable Parts

A system of manufacturing developed by Eli Whitney, first for rifles, in which identical components could be used to assemble a final product. This system greatly increased the efficiency of mass production in northern factories.

Jacksonian Democracy

The expansion of democracy and political participation for the "common man" during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It was characterized by universal white male suffrage, the spoils system, and a belief that common people should hold political office.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress or the President unconstitutional, established in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The acquisition of a vast territory from France for $15 million, which doubled the size of the United States and provided a foundation for westward expansion.

Lowell System

A factory system in which young farm women were recruited to work in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. They lived in company dormitories and were housed and supervised as part of the system.

Market Revolution

The gradual economic transformation in the U.S. from the 1800s-1840s, marked by a shift from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture, the growth of factories, and the development of a national market economy.

Marshall Court

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835). Its decisions consistently strengthened the power of the federal government and established the principle of judicial review.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

A congressional agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36°30′ parallel.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A U.S. foreign policy statement that declared the American continents closed to future European colonization and warned against European interference in the Western Hemisphere.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during Andrew Jackson's presidency sparked by South Carolina's 1832 ordinance declaring the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the state.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial panic since the 1790s, caused by overspeculation in western lands and tightened credit from the Second Bank of the United States. It led to widespread unemployment, bank failures, and foreclosures.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis caused in part by Jackson's destruction of the Second National Bank and the Specie Circular. It resulted in a severe economic depression, with banknotes becoming worthless.

Pet Banks

State banks into which Secretary of the Treasury Roger Taney, under President Jackson's orders, transferred federal funds after they were withdrawn from the Second Bank of the United States.

Revolution of 1800

The term Thomas Jefferson used for his election, which represented a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party.

Second Great Awakening

A wave of religious revivals that swept across the U.S. from about 1790 to 1850. It emphasized individual salvation and inspired numerous social reform movements.

Second Party System

The political party system that operated in the U.S. from about 1828 to 1854, which included the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

The first women's rights convention in American history. Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, it issued a "Declaration of Sentiments" demanding equal rights for women.

Specie Circular

An executive order issued by President Jackson requiring that payment for federal land be made only in gold or silver (specie). It contributed to the Panic of 1837.

Spoils System

The practice of awarding government civil service jobs to supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for loyalty, heavily utilized by President Andrew Jackson.

Tariff of 1816

The first protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to protect American industries from foreign competition after the War of 1812.

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

A high protective tariff supported by Northern manufacturers but vehemently opposed by Southern farmers, who felt it hurt their economy. It led to the Nullification Crisis.

Trail of Tears (1838)

The forced march of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in the Southeast to Indian Territory in the West. The U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia, resulting in the deaths of 4,000.

Transcendentalism

An intellectual and philosophical movement, led by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, that emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and finding spiritual truth in nature.

War Hawks

A group of young Democratic-Republicans, primarily from southern and western states, who were eager for war with Britain in 1812. They were driven by a desire to defend American honor, gain territory in Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier.

Whig Party

A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. Whigs supported a national bank, protective tariffs, and federal spending for internal improvements, harking back to the Federalist ideals of Henry Clay.